Jackie Robinson: Breaking the Color Barrier

April 15, 1946 was an important event in not only baseball history but also in the history of America. Thousands of baseball fans crowded into Ebbits Field to see one man, the first black ever to play in Major League Baseball, and one man who would eventually put an end to segregation in baseball. That one man†s name is Jack Roosevelt Robinson, otherwise known as Jackie Robinson. His struggle to break the color barrier helped set the standards for future black athletes to come. Jackie Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, to Millie and Jerry Robinson. He was the youngest of five children and always wanted his life to be better than it was. At age five, Jackie†s father left home and his mother moved the family to California. Because his father wasn†t around to help, they were supported by welfare. As a result of this, Jackie had to work several jobs to help support the family. He was involved in several crimes and robberies with the Pepper Street Gang but with the help of Carl Anderson and Reverend Karl Downs this life of crime didn†t last long. Both men were able to point Jackie in a positive direction by having him focus on athletics. After graduating high school, Jackie attended Pasadena Junior College. He then received a scholarship to UCLA where he excelled in every sport he played. He was the first black to be successful in playing all four varsity team sports. Although he was a good athlete, Jackie didn†t complete his senior year of college. Instead, he joined the National Youth Administration where he played baseball to entertain campers and worked with children. In 1941, Jackie joined the United States Army. After graduating from Officers Candidate School, he became second lieutenant in what was then a segregated army. Jackie protested the U.S. Army†s mistreatment of black soldiers in his unit and was later arrested for this act. He received an honorable discharge , including the rank of first lieutenant. Jackie began his professional baseball career in 1945 with the Kansas City Monarchs. Because of the segregation in America, black communities formed their own version of Major League Baseball. The result of this was the beginning of the Negro Leagues. From 1920, when the first national league was founded, until 1946, when Jackie first stepped across the color barrier into organized baseball, the Negro Leagues, grew , matured, overcame hardships and even flourished ( Rogsin 6). In fact, the Negro Leagues became one of the largest most successful black businesses in the United States before the breakdown of segregation (Rogsin 6 ). The management of the two leagues may rank among the highest of achievements in African- American History. In 1945, Branch Rickey, the owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, was looking for a black player to break the color barrier and join the Major League Baseball Association. According to Rickey, this person had to be able to cope with insults, name-calling and abuse. He had heard of Jackie Robinson†s outstanding performances in the Negro Leagues and sent out his scouts to see him. After a long meeting, Jackie decided to join Even though agreeing to join the Dodgers seemed challenging, Jackie†s biggest challenge was yet to come. At this point in American History, it was unheard of to have a black person treated equally to a white person. It was also unlikely for a black person to play on the same baseball field as a white person. There were separate schools, separate water fountains and even separate baseball leagues. One might look at this situation as two different worlds being afraid of each other(Aaron 2). Life was unkind to blacks who tried to bring these two world together but, in Jackie Robinson†s case, it was just something that had to be done. Breaking baseball†s color barrier was a serious challenge. Branch Rickey warned Jackie about all of the racial slurs and name calling that would go on. Throughout the season, he received several unsigned letters threatening death if he continued to play baseball. Rival players when as far as throwing pitches at his head when he came up to bat. They also spat on him when sliding into a base and even tried hurting him with the spikes on their shoes. Discrimination continued off the field. When the Dodgers played on the road, Jackie wasn†t allowed to stay in the same hotel as his teammates. He had to stay in a hotel especially for blacks or in private homes. Whenever he did stay with his teammates, he wasn†t allowed pass the pool room. Toward the end of the season, things were starting to get better. Jackie finally got the respect from everyone including his teammates. The pitches at his head stopped, most racial slurs stopped, and Jackie was finally being treated like a baseball player(Aaron 24). It was obvious that people were looking beyond the color of his skin and finally realizing that Jackie Robinson was indeed a good baseball player. Jackie contributed a lot to the Major leagues but his biggest contribution was opening the league for black players after him. It wasn†t until the year Jackie retired that all sixteen major league teams had at least one black player. Jackie retired in 1956 and began to strike back and speak out on racial issues. When Jackie Robinson spoke, every black player listened. He made it clear to them that they weren†t playing just for themselves or for their teams, they were playing for their people. According to Jackie, if they played as if they were on a mission , it was because he sent them out on one Jackie died in 1972. When he died, apart of baseball died as well. He will always be remember for all that he did for African- Americans. He went through many obstacles but he got through it all. He achieved his dream and went beyond all that he wanted to do. Today many African- Americans thank Jackie for doing what he did to show African-Americans are just as good as anyone else.

Results And Discussion Respondents Profile Health And Social Care Essay

This subdivision reviews the personal and professional backgrounds of the respondents. Apart from their designated places, an LNC ‘s disposition towards certain nutrition and nutrition-related plans is partially established by their age ( the period from which their perceptual experience is based on ) , gender and length of service ( old ages of experience in the execution of plans ) in the authorities.Distribution of RespondentsThere were 31 respondents in entire ; 22.6 per centum came from barangay 1 and each 19.4 per centum represented the provincial, metropolis, municipality and barangay 2 degrees ( Table 1 ) . The expected respondents of the study were caputs of LNC ; nevertheless, few delegated their coordinators to finish the study. In some cases, the coordinators shared the same cognition and patterns as their caputs and sing how LGUs map, coordinators were important places.Table 1. Distribution of RespondentsDegreeFrequencyPercentageProvincial6 19.4City6 19.4Municipality6 19.4Barangay 1 ( City )7 22.6Barangay 2 ( Municipality )6 19.4AgeThe age of LNC ranges from 25 to 65 old ages old. Almost 39 per centum belong to age bracket of 46 to 55 ; about 10 per centum belong to the lowest age bracket of 25 to 35 ; and about 26 per centum came from both 36 to 45 and 56 to 65 age brackets. The youngest respondents were officers from the Department of Interior and Local Government and Department of Education ( 29 old ages old ) and the oldest was a Barangay Nutrition Scholar ( 64 old ages old ) .GenderOf the entire respondents, 87.1 per centum were female while 12.9 per centum were male.Educational AttainmentOut of 31 respondents, more than half ( 51.6 % ) were college alumnuss, around 23 per centum were post-graduates, about 13 per centum were vocational, about 7 per centum were high school alumnuss and 3 per centum were both high school and college undergraduates.Current Position/OfficeAt the provincial, metropolis and municipal degrees, respondents from the Nutrition, Health, Agriculture, Social Welfare and Developm ent, and Planning and Development bureaus comprised about 50 per centum of the population while the staying per centum came from the offices of Interior and Local Government ( 3.2 % ) and Education ( 6.5 % ) . The barangay degree was composed of Barangay Nutrition Scholars ( 6.5 % ) , Rural Health Midwife ( 3.2 % ) , Barangay Health Workers ( 5.0 % ) , Municipal Health Nurse ( 3.2 % ) , Day Care Center Worker ( 3.2 % ) , Kagawad on Health ( 6.5 % ) , and Kagawad on Agriculture ( 3.2 % ) .Length of TenureIn footings of old ages in service, a one-fourth ( 25.8 % ) of the entire respondents has been in office for less than five old ages and a 3rd ( 32.3 % ) have been in office for 10 old ages or less. Majority of the respondents ( 42 % ) have been in office for at least 11 old ages. The longest functioning officer interviewed was a Department of Education Nutrition Head who has been in the office for about 40 old ages.Table 2. Respondents ProfileFeatureFrequencyPercentageAge ( old ages )25 to 35 3 9.7 36 t0 45 8 25.8 46 to 55 12 38.7 56 to 65 8 25.8GenderMale 4 12.9 Female 27 87.1Educational AttainmentHigh School Undergraduate 1 3.2 High School Graduate 2 6.5 College Undergraduate 1 3.2 College Graduate 16 51.6 Vocational 4 12.9 Post-Graduate 7 22.6Current Position/OfficeNutrition 3 9.7 Health 3 9.7 Agribusiness 3 9.7 Education 2 6.5 Social Welfare and Development 3 9.7 Planing and Development 3 9.7 Interior and Local Government 1 3.2 Barangay Nutrition Scholar 2 6.5 Barangay Health Worker 5 16.1 Rural Health Midwife 1 3.2 Municipal Health Nurse 1 3.2 Day Care Center Worker 1 3.2 Kagawad on Health 2 6.5 Kagawad on Agriculture 1 3.2Old ages in Service ( old ages )1 to 5 8 25.8 6 to 10 10 32.3 11 to 15 7 22.6 16 to 20 3 9.7 21 and above 3 9.7Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in LagunaThis subdivision tackles the general and specific cognition and patterns of LNC in the M and E of nutrition plans. Respondents who merely conduct M and E were expected to reply the undermentioned set of inquiries about current M and E tools and patterns. Otherwise, they were asked to continue to the following portion of the questionnaire. Respondents were asked of how they understand M and E or how would they specify the footings. This subdivision besides reviews the data/results of M and E ; the flow of data/results, how it was submitted and used in planning, redesigning and footing for assessment if aims were achieved or non achieved.The Existing Monitoring and Evaluation SystemsIn the overall direction of nutrition and nutrition-related services, the Local Government Units ( LGUs ) , i.e. from the national degree the maps of NNC are performed to the local degree through the Local Nutrition Committees ( LNCs ) down to the barangay degre e. In the state, city/municipality and barangay, LNCs are commissioned for planning, implementing, monitoring, measuring and organizing the local programs of action for nutrition ( NNC, 2009 ) . Tables 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 present the M and E patterns of the LNC for the provincial, metropolis, municipal, barangay 1 and barangay 2 degrees, severally. Some of the monitoring and rating tools used were the followers: Monitoring and Evaluation of Local Level Plan Implementation ( MELLPI ) . MELLPI is conducted yearly by the Regional Evaluation Team ( RET ) from March to April â€Å" to supervise and formalize the efficiency and effectivity of the nutrition and nutrition related activities implemented at the local degree † ( NNC, 2012 ) . MELLPI guidelines present a on the job paper for field implementers in carry oning the activity. This set of guidelines is used by PPAN implementers in carry oning the MELLPI at the national, regional, provincial, metropolis and municipal degrees. The MELLPI purposes to 1 ) Assess the efficiency of local degree execution ; 2 ) Measure alterations in weight position of preschool and school kids during the rating twelvemonth and the immediate past two old ages ; 3 ) Determine the extent to which nutrition is integrated into local development programs and plans ; and 4 ) Advocate for the go oning support for local nutrition plans ( NNC, 2012 ) . National Nutrition Survey ( NNS ) . NNS is a population-based study that assesses nutritionary position of nutritionally at-risk groups. The study updates the official statistics on nutrient, nutrition and wellness state of affairs in the Philippines and subsequently guides the preparation of nutrient and nutrition policies every bit good as intercession and related development plans. Furthermore, the study provides national and sub-national prevalence of malnutrition and proctor alterations in the nutrition state of affairs. ( FNRI, 2011 ) . Field Health Service Information System ( FHSIS ) . The FHSIS purposes to 1 ) provide drumhead informations on wellness service bringing and selected plan achievement indexs at the barangay, municipality/city, territory, provincial, regional, and national degrees ; 2 ) provide informations which, when combined with informations from other beginnings, can be used for plan monitoring and rating purposed ; 3 ) supply a criterion, facility-level database which can be accessed for more in-depths surveies ; 4 ) guarantee that the information reported are utile and accurate and are disseminated in a timely and easy manner ; and 5 ) minimise the load of entering and describing at the service bringing degree in order to let more clip for patient attention and promotive activites ( Sta. Maria, 1993 ) . Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ( MICS ) . The MICS is a world-wide family study attempt to assist states in make fulling informations spreads for â€Å" monitoring human development in general and the state of affairs of kids and adult females in peculiar † ( UNICEF, 2012 ) . The MICS generated statistically dependable, globally comparable estimations of societal indexs which are needed â€Å" for supervising the ends and marks of the Millennium Declaration, the World Fit for Children Declaration and Plan of Action, the ends of the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS ( UNICEF, 2012 ) . Initially, MICS was designed to the international established set of ends that materialized from the 1990 World Summit for Children. Afterwhich, it has been implemented every five old ages since 1995 ( UNICEF, 2005 ) . Barangay Nutrition Action Plan. Formulation of nutrition action programmes has been an institutionalised activity of local nutrition commissions. The nutrition action program serves as the cardinal papers and footing for the integrating of nutrition considerations into the local development programs. It besides serves as the working papers and usher for field implementers and for monitoring and rating. The planning activity is initiated by the Municipal Mayor as Chairman of the MNC, while the municipal nutrition action officer coordinates the activity. Other M and E Tools. Based from the study, nutrition plans were besides assessed utilizing growing chart, single intervention records ( ITS ) , monthly achievement study ( MAR ) , narrative study, guidelines, mark sheet, logbook and pie chart ; during audience, behavior of personal interview, and family visits.Frequency of M and E of Nutrition and Nutrition-related ProgramsThe LNC indicated the frequence of M and E of nutrition and nutrition-related plans. It was categorized as monthly, quarterly and yearly. Others included ex-ante M and E, â€Å" as needed † and â€Å" non applicable † depending on the sorts of plan being implemented ; some marked the day of the month and clip of M and E.Nutritional IndexsNutrition and nutrition-related indexs were besides determined to measure the impact of plans. Nutritional indexs could be used to see the demand for other informations that can be really different from the premises for research, for patient direction, for doing publi c policy or for planning or measuring plans ( Habicht and Pelletier, 1999 ) .Nutrition and Nutrition-related ProgramsThe LNC managed and assessed several nutrition and nutrition-related plans such as distribution of 1 ) Oral Rehydration Solution and 2 ) Oregon and Zn supplementation to babies and immature kids with diarrhoea, 3 ) auxiliary eating provided to undernourish kids, constitution of gardens and raising of little animate beings through 4 ) home/community nutrient production, 5 ) nutrition instruction in school course of study, nutrition guidance, and multi-media run, distribution of seed to school kids in 6 ) school nutrient production plan and the assessment of the 7 ) Philippine Plan of Action for Nutriton..Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in the Provincial LevelAs defined by LNCs at the provincial degree, monitoring is an organized process of roll uping, regular checking of plan execution and construing information about a plan of activities ; appraisals may besides be done during monitoring. Besides, it is a tool to look into whether the trade goods reach the donees ; a supervising to guarantee that activities in advancement are on class and on agenda in run intoing the aims and public presentation marks. On the other manus, rating is looking at results-based on the effectivity and efficiency of the undertaking accomplishments based on the set aims ; measuring the impact of a plan. Evaluation besides involves measuring the strengths and failings of plans, policies, forces, merchandises and organisations to better their effectivity. Furthermore, it is a systematic assessment of the success of a plan, the opinion about whether a plan is successful or non reached by comparing the mark specified in the aim with the alterations that the plan really achieves. At the provincial degree, there were four nutrition plans being monitored and evaluated including auxiliary eating, home/community nutrient production, nutrition instruction and school nutrient production ( Table 3 ) . Auxiliary Feeding. Supplementary eating was assessed by Nutrition, Education and Planning and Development offices. Monitoring tools used were growing chart, single intervention records ( ITR ) , barangay nutrition action program ( BNAP ) , and monthly achievement studies ( MAR ) . Using weight of kids as an index, auxiliary eating was monitored indiscriminately every month, every one-fourth and every twelvemonth. On the other manus, the national nutrition study ( NNS ) , supervising and rating of local degree program execution ( MELLPI ) , accomplishment study and pie chart were used to measure the plan and weight addition as an index. The plan was monitored monthly, quarterly and yearly. Home/Community Food Production. Home/community nutrient production was managed by Nutrition and Agriculture offices. Individual intervention record, BNAP, MAR and MELLPI were used to supervise the plan monthly, quarterly and yearly ; while, the NNS, multiple index bunch study ( MICS ) , MELLPI and MAR were used to measure the plan quarterly and yearly, dated from the month of March to May. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was accomplished by Planing and Development and Nutrition offices utilizing growing chart, BNAP and MAR. The plan was monitored monthly, quarterly and yearly. Whereas, it was evaluated quarterly and yearly utilizing the NNS, MELLPI and MAR. School Food Production. The direction of school nutrient production was supervised by Nutrition and Planning and Development offices. The plan was monitored and evaluated monthly, quarterly and yearly. Barangay Nutriton Action Plan and MAR were used for supervising while NNS, MELLPI and MAR for rating. The consequences gathered from monitoring and rating will be fed back to the municipalities ; augmentation activities for every barangay nutrition plan will be created. Reports made by Education officer were submitted to the cardinal office. The consequences of the other offices were forwarded to the Regional Evaluation Team and served as footing for the continuity of the plan or for happening other schemes. All informations collected from the provincial office were accomplished in signifiers and submitted personally or through facsimile to the regional office and so to the national office. The consequences obtained from the rating will be used in planning, in redesigning and footing for public presentation assessment if aims were achieved or non. In planning, the consequences were presented and be the footing for what should be improved. The consequences were used as footing for seting up extra financess for the continuity of the bing plan ; otherwise, for happening other schemes in instance the plan failed.Table 3. Monitoring and rating systems in the provincial degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolsINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time of MEvaluation ToolsINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of EvaluationDate/Timeof EGigahertzIThymineRoentgenBacillusNitrogenAPhosphorusMeterARoentgenMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMomentQtANitrogenNitrogenSecondMeterICSecondMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMeterARoentgenPieChartMomentQtAAuxiliary Eatinga?„a?„a?„a?„Wt of chidrena?„a?â €ža?„Randoma?„a?„a?„a?„Wt additiona?„a?„a?„Everyday Home/Community Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„March-May Nutrition Educationa?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„School Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in the City LevelThe LNC in the metropolis degree defined monitoring as a uninterrupted map that uses the systematic aggregation of informations on specified indexs to supply direction and the chief stakeholders of an on-going development intercession with indicants of the extent of advancement and accomplishment of aims and advancement in the usage of allocated financess. Evaluation, on the other manus, is the systematic and nonsubjective appraisal of an ongoing or completed undertaking, plan or policy including its design, execution and consequences ; results of the plan are used as footing for giving recommendations. Table 4 shows the nutrition and nutrition-related plans being implemented. Auxiliary Feeding. Program for targeted malnourished kids peculiarly auxiliary eating was organized by Nutrition office. The plan was monitored and evaluated monthly utilizing growing chart and narrative study, severally. Home/Community Food Production. Home/community nutrient production was implemented by Nutrition and Agriculture offices. Monthly and ex-ante monitoring and rating was used for the plan utilizing MAR and an existent interview of donees, and based on the guidelines, severally. The version of organic agriculture was used as the index for monitoring and rating. Nutrition Education and School Food Production. Nutrition instruction and school nutrient production was assessed by Nutrition office. Using narrative studies, the plan was monitored and evaluated quarterly. Filipino Plan of Action for Nutrition ( PPAN ) . The PPAN was monitored and evaluated by the Department of Education utilizing MELLPI. It was assessed yearly and as the demand arises. The consequences of the rating were collected by the judges and submitted personally or through facsimile to NNC regional office so to NNC cardinal office. In planning, the consequences of the plans were used to measure if there will be continuity or non.Table 4. Monitoring and rating systems in the metropolis degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolsINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of MonitoringDate/Timeof MEvaluation ToolINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time of EGramCMeterARoentgenINitrogenThymineTocopherolRoentgenVoltITocopherolTungstenNitrogenRoentgenMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMeterOQtAEx-ANitrogenThymineTocopherolASecondNitrogenTocopherolTocopherolCalciferolTocopherolvitamin DNitrogenRoentgenGramUracilICalciferolTocopherolLiterINitrogenTocopherolSecondMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMeterOQtAEx-ANitrogenThymineTocopherolAsneededAuxiliary Eatinga?„a?„a?„a?„a?„Home/Communit y Food Productiona?„a?„Adaptation of organic agriculturea?„a?„During the implemen-tationa?„a?„During the implemen-tation Nutrition Educationa?„a?„a?„a?„School Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„PPANa?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in the Municipal LevelMonitoring is the regular checking of development or advancement of certain activity ; supplying information about the undertaking and measuring the advancement of plan or undertaking over clip. Furthermore, monitoring is supervising the undertaking, whether it was implemented harmonizing to guidelines and seeing to it that undertaking continues. As per DILG, the accelerator for excellence in local administration, they monitor the per centum of execution of plan and undertakings of different sections based on marks met and the quality of execution. Meanwhile, rating was defined as the procedure of finding the value or worth of a plan ; a more thorough appraisal or scrutiny of undertakings or plan at a specific point in clip looking into the impact of effectivit y of the undertaking. It is besides a plan activity designed to obtain nonsubjective information about the plan and to find the value of the undertaking whether successful or non. Evaluation for the DILG officers, they base the consequences of rating on the per centums and quality of execution of plans and undertakings. Table 5 presents the nutrition and nutrition-related plans being implemented in the municipal degree. ORS and ORS and Zinc Supplementation. ORS, and ORS and zinc supplementation was quarterly monitored and evaluated utilizing Field Health Service Information System ( FHSIS ) and narrative studies from the barangays. The plan was managed by the Municipal Health Office. Auxiliary Feeding. Supplementary eating was monitored and evaluated quarterly and yearly during December and January of the undermentioned twelvemonth utilizing growing chart and narrative study. Offices included in the execution were Nutrition, Interior and Local Government, Planning and Development and Social Welfare and Development offices. Decreased in the figure of malnourished kids was used as an index. Home/Community Food Production. Home/community nutrient production was assessed by Health, Agriculture and Interior and Local Government offices. The plan was monitored monthly ( from January to December ) utilizing ITR and narrative study and evaluated quarterly ( every crop ) utilizing narrative study and mark sheets. The standards intended for the plan were applied as an index. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was monitored yearly and evaluated quarterly by Nutrition and DILG, using narrative study. Besides, school nutrient production was monitored and evaluated yearly by Nutrition office and DILG, doing usage of narrative study. The studies were in narrative signifier. Datas were collected from the barangay through the BNS and submitted to MNAO. Afterwards, submitted to the LCE and other officer concerned through electronic mail or facsimile. Datas were besides given to NGOs, church based establishments as requested. The consequences were used for budgeting intents and aiming of prioritize sector or barangay for the undertaking to turn to their demands.Table 5. Monitoring and rating systems in the municipal degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolIndexsFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time of MIndexsFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time of EFHydrogenSecondISecondGramCIThymineRoentgenNitrogenRoentgenMomentQtANitrogenRoentgenSecondCOxygenRoentgenTocopherolSecondHydrogenTocopherolTocopherolThymineMomentQtAOregona?„a?„a?„a?„ORS and Zinc Supplementationa?„a?„a?„a?„Auxiliary Eatinga?„a?„Decreased in figure of malnourished kidsa?„a?„Dec and Jan of the underm entioned twelvemontha?„a?„Dec and Jan of the undermentioned twelvemonth Home/Community Food Productiona?„a?„a?„January to Decembera?„a?„Standardsa?„Every crop Nutrition Educationa?„a?„a?„a?„School Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in Barangay 1 LevelMonitoring was defined as usage of growing monitoring such as weighing graduated table and height board ; a frequent trial, check-up and appraisal of patients. Evaluation, on the other manus, is look intoing if ends and aims were met or non ; detecting and measuring if the intercession made was effectual or non. Table 6 shows the nutrition and nutrition-related plans managed at the barangay 1. ORS and ORS and Zinc Supplementation. The distribution of ORS and ORS and zinc supplementation among patients with diarrhoeas were assessed by rural wellness accoucheuse. The instances of diarrhoea among kids were monitored upon audience to the wellness officer ; evaluated through the usage of logbook. Name callings of kids who obtained ORS and ORS and Zn addendums were written down in the logbook for rating intents. The plan has an impact if kids have improved their wellness position. However, deficiency of supplies gives the rural wellness accoucheuse a determination to urge the patients to see the nearby infirmary for farther check-up. Auxiliary Feeding. Headed by the BNS and supported by the rural wellness accoucheuse, auxiliary eating was monitored quarterly ( July, August and September ) and evaluated monthly ( July, August and September ) utilizing growing chart and monthly achievement study, severally. The increased weight of kids verified that the plan was successful. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was monitored and evaluated by the BNS. A narrative study was used as a tool for quarterly monitoring and during the execution, the plan was evaluated. The results/data collected in the ORS and ORS and zinc supplementation were put in black and white paper. No farther ratings and suggestions were provided. On the other manus, the consequences of other nutrition plans were personally submitted to the City Nutrition Action Office through narrative studies. If plans reached the mark objectives with proper allotment of financess, they will be continued or else better the planning of plans.Table 6. Monitoring and rating systems in barangay 1 degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolIndexsFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time ofMeterEvaluation ToolIndexsFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time ofTocopherolCOxygenNitrogenSecondUracilLiterThymineAThymineIOxygenNitrogenGramCNitrogenRoentgenMomentQtAN/ALiterOxygenGramBacillusOxygenOxygenKMeterARoentgenNitrogenRoentgenMomentQtAN/AOregona?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Check-upa?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Consultation ORS and Zinc Supplementationa?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Check-upa?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Consultation Auxiliary Eatinga?„Increased wta?„July, August and Septembera?„Increased wta?„July, August and September Nutrition Educationa?„Improved cognitiona?„During tne executiona?„Improved cognitiona?„During the executionMonitoring and Evaluation Systems in Barangay 2 LevelAs defined by LNC in the barangay 2 degree, monitoring is the look intoing the demands of a plan. It was besides defined as deliberation of kids either under or overnourished and numbering the entire figure of mark donees. Evaluation is the look intoing if plans are decently implemented, with proper budget allotment and checking if the plan has improved or non. Table 7 shows the nutrition and nutrition-related plans assessed in the barangay 2 degree. ORS and ORS Zinc Supplementation. The behavior of ORS and ORS zinc supplementation was monitored and evaluated by the municipal wellness nurse. The diarrhoea instances were determined and monitored quarterly upon audience in the centre and the consequences from FHSIS. The plans were evaluated quarterly in a narrative study for rating. Auxiliary Feeding. The BNS, assisted by the Kagawad on Health, conduct the execution of auxiliary eating among malnourished kids. The plan was monitored monthly ( July, August and September ) utilizing growing chart and evaluated monthly in a narrative study and through family visits. The indexs that the plan has achieved its aims were improved weight, weight-for-height and weight-for-age. Home/Community Food Production. The home/community nutrient production plan was managed by the BNS, Kagawad on Health and Kagawad on Agriculture. The plan was monitored and evaluated hebdomadal utilizing narrative study and by family visits. The figure of produced harvests suggested the impact of the plan. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was spearheaded by the BNS. The attending of the donees was used as the monitoring tool of the plan ; carried out every 3rd hebdomad of the month. The plan was evaluated every 3rd hebdomad of the month, completed through a narrative study. An improved weight indicates the achievement of the plan. School Food Production. The school nutrient production plan was initiated by the BNS. The plan was monitored hebdomadally in a narrative study and by agencies of family visits. The plan was evaluated hebdomadally in a narrative study. The index determined was the figure of harvests produced. The consequences of the ORS and ORS and zinc supplementation plan were personally submitted to the provincial office. Sometimes, these were faxed for easier transportation of informations. The consequences of other nutrition plans were documented by the Councilors and maintain for farther mentions. However, the BNS personally submitted the consequences to the municipal nutrition action office with the needed signifiers. The rating of the plan determined if it should be retained, otherwise change the plan.Table 7. Monitoring and rating systems in barangay 2 degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolIndexsFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time ofMeterEvaluation ToolIndexsFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time ofTocopherolCOxygenNitrogenSecondUracilLiterThymineAThymineIOxygenNitrogenGramCNitrogenRoentgenHHVoltISecondIThymineAThymineThymineTocopherolNitrogenCalciferolANitrogenCTocopherolFHSISMomentQtAWklyNitrogenRoentgenHHVoltISecondIThymineMomentQtAWklyOregona?„a?„a?„Upon Consultationa? „a?„Upon Consultation ORS and Zinc Supplementationa?„a?„Upon Consultationa?„a?„Upon Consultation Auxiliary Eatinga?„Improved wt ; wt-for-ht ; wt-for-agea?„July, Aug, Septa?„a?„Improved wta?„July, Aug, Sept Home/Community Food Productiona?„a?„Number of harvests produceda?„Weeklya?„a?„Number of harvestsa?„Weekly Nutrition Educationa?„Improved wta?„3rd hebdomada?„Improved wta?„3rd hebdomad School Food Productiona?„a?„Number of harvests produceda?„Weeklya?„Number of harvestsa?„WeeklyKnowledge of Local Nutrition Committees in RBMEThis subdivision is an appraisal of the respondents ‘ cognition in results-based M and E. This subdivision determines the figure of LNC members who were cognizant of the basic information about the results-based direction attack ( Table 8 ) . A series of statements were provided to determine the basic constructs they acquainted ( Table 9 ) . From the entire respondents, a 3rd ( 33.3 % ) of respondents from both the provincial and municipal degrees and about 17 per centum from barangay 2 had acquired primary cognition about the results-based M and E.Table 8. Frequency of LNC with cognition in results-based M and EDegreeFrequencyPercentageProvincial2 33.3City0 0Municipal2 33.3Barangay 10 0Barangay 21 16.67 From the entire figure of respondents which had comprehension on results-based direction attack, all ( 100 % ) were familiar with the constructs such as: 1 ) combination of results and impacts appraisal, 2 ) a helpful attack to supervise and measure undertaking, plan and policy at all degrees, 3 ) can be performed at local, regional, and national degrees of authorities, 4 ) a beginning of cognition capital, 5 ) an aid in advancing greater transparence and answerability of stakeholders, 6 ) usage of indexs to place the results of undertakings, 7 ) informations aggregation on end products contributes towards attainment of results, 8 ) demands the stakeholders to plan and keep an organisational construction focused on consequences, 9 ) provides a qualitative and quantitative informations of results, 10 ) completed with strategic spouses, and ) records information of both success and failure.Table 9. Number of LNC with cognition in results-based monitoring and rating at different degrees StatementsProvincialMunicipalityBarangay 2FrequencyResults-based monitoring and rating combines with appraisal of results and impacts and allows organisation to modify and alter execution procedures. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating systems have been successfully designed and used to supervise and measure at all degrees – undertaking, plan, and policy. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating can be conducted at local, regional, and national degrees of authorities. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating systems are a beginning of cognition capital that enable authoritiess and organisations to develop a cognition base of the types of undertakings, plans, and policies that are successful, and more by and large, what works, what does non, and why. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating systems can help in advancing greater transparence and answerability within organisations and authoritiess. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Indexs for results-based monitoring and rating are used to find the results of undertakings. 2/2 2/2 1/1 The informations aggregation on end products ( e.g. increased entree to ORS and zinc supplementation ) contributes toward accomplishment of results ( e.g. improved used of ORS and zinc supplementation ) . 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating requires the organisation to make and prolong an organisational construction focused on consequences. 2/2 2/2 1/1 A systematic coverage with more qualitative and quantitative information on the betterment toward results. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating is done in partnership with strategic spouses. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating records information of both success and failure schemes in accomplishing desired results ( consequences ) . 2/2 2/2 1/1Strengths and Restrictions of M and E Practices of LNCThis subdivision assesses the preparedness of LNC in the execution of results-based direction attack. The strengths and restrictions of M and E patterns of LNC influence their capacity to plan and implement a results-based direction. Readiness appraisal was categorized harmonizing to organisational system, human resources, fiscal resources, and engineering and technology-related installations. Statements refering to each class were composed to find the bureaus ‘ capacity to implement a new M and E system. The subdivision besides deals with the relevant inputs/resources and activities identified by the LNC, which are of import in the development and execution of results-based M and E system in Laguna. Table 10 shows the acceptableness of LNC members if results-based direction will be designed and executed in their country. In the metropolis degree, 50 per centum acknowledged RBM ; more than 65 per centum in the municipal degree and about 85 per centum in barangay 2 degree. However, less than 50 per centum recognized RBM in barangay 1 degree. The overall credence of results-based direction attack in the state of Laguna was about 70 per centum.Table 10. Perceived Acceptability of RBMEDegreeFrequencyPercentageProvincial5 71.43*City3 50Municipal4 66.67Barangay 13 42.86Barangay 25 83.33 * Weight instance = 1.167 ; to generalise the state of Laguna Harmonizing to LNC members, the execution of a results-based direction in Laguna demands appropriate inputs and resources including 1 ) fiscal resources, 2 ) office supply signifiers and equipment for anthropometric measurings, 3 ) proficient aid, and 4 ) human resources.Fiscal ResourcesSufficient fiscal resources are of import to accomplish the end of planing and implementing results-based M and E system ; and to guarantee a go oning support of the intended consequences. By and large, the organisation is responsible in geting new resources from stakeholders to continue an bing degree of fiscal support. Leaderships are apt for fiscal resources allocated to their offices. It is a responsibility for them to make effectual systems that will ease staff to maintain path of those resources ( Bruneau, 1994 ) .Technical Aidâ€Å" Technical aid strengthens the authorities ‘s ownership of reforms, particularly by heightening administration capablenesss † ( IMF, 2012 ) . Technical aid provides elaborate actions in the direction of plans. Results-based direction techniques must be adjunct by governmental regulations and processs to hold an influence on plan effectivity and better allow planning within bureaus ( Ortiz, et.al, 2004 ) .Human ResourcesHuman resource professionals have a cardinal function to play to assist organisation accomplish its aims ; influences many of the cardinal systems and concern procedures underpinning effectual bringing ; provide tools and models for the executing of the plan. Keepers of the fire when it comes to corporate civilization, squad edifice and alteration direction processes ( Strandberg, 2009 ) .Supply and EquipmentThis includes the office supply signifiers and equipment for anthropometric measurings. A well-managed stuff resource produces a better service, without blowing other resources like clip and money. Consequently, touchable stuffs should be really stored and distributed ( BMS, 2012 ) . The LNC marked out elaborate activities needed in the execution of results-based direction attack. Here are the undermentioned actions that must be addressed: 1 ) protagonism, 2 ) courtesy call, 3 ) orientation and preparation, 4 ) meeting with implementers and 5 ) information, instruction and communicating stuffs.AdvocacyA strong protagonism promotes success of nutrition plans. It aids to edify stakeholders about what works at the community ; keeps the force per unit area on for sustained plan support and support ( Kurosky, 2007 ) .Courtesy Call, Orientation and TrainingOrientation introduces the attack to the organisation and imparts with an overview of how it functions. The activity accustoms the organisation to go more productive and effectual. Orientation and preparation are relevant activities to reenforce the capacities of the organisation to be familiar and have a common apprehension on the nucleus rules and constructs of results-based direction ; and how the method can be em ployed in ( rhenium ) scheduling, monitoring and coverage. Orientation and preparations with theoretical presentations and exercisings will let interpreting theory into pattern when scheduling, monitoring and coverage ; therefore, can be tailored to the specific demands of the organisation ( UNDP, 2002 ) .Meeting with ImplementersThis assembly of persons is performed to leave new information and talk about pertinent issues and programs/projects. Meetings with implementers play a important function in the preparation of strategic alterations within organisations ( Jarzabkowski, 2002 ) .Information, Education and Communication ( IEC )IEC serves as vehicles for the community to better their engagement and the stakeholders to better understand their functions in the execution of a results-based direction. Information is a trade good to be protected and employed strategically ; a tool for answerability, transparence and ownership. Communication is how information obtains certain activiti es. When the attack is being implemented, the authorities must be likely to analyze the IEC constituent as chiefly a public dealingss enterprise. ( Chibwana and Mohan, 2001 ) .

The lumen and absorb Teams at Crutchfield Chemical Engineering Case Study

The lumen and absorb Teams at Crutchfield Chemical Engineering - Case Study Example With this definition of intrinsic motivation in mind, several assumptions as to how these differences arose can be formulated. Primarily, it could be assumed that not all individuals on the Absorb team are working in their desired career goals, even though the majority of them hold academic-supported credentials in their current domain of work practice. Under this assumption, there would be little that could be done to improve the Absorb team’s motivational stance since working in the chemical field might simply require an adjustment of work environment in order to satisfy intrinsic needs. Secondly, as supported by the case study, there are some clues about what is driving intrinsic motivational failures present in the Absorb team that are not present in the Lumen team. Chip, the team leader, is 49 years of age and has been at the company for almost 25 years. It is probable, based on rather subjective assumptions, that Chip enjoys this field of work or would have pursued new opportunities in the past if he was not intrinsically motivated for this particular profession. Furthermore, Chip seems to have a natural propensity (an inherent motivator) to maintain a very authoritative and hierarchical management system with many control systems in place. This conflicts with virtually every team members’ desire for inherent needs for autonomy and recognition in work performance. Under models of the autocratic leadership style, this type of manager is motivated by achievement of absolute dominating power, believing that subordinates do not maintain the capacity or abilit ies to effectively work without strict and regular management presence. (Goodnight 82). Chip, who seems to maintain many of these characteristics, works as an externally-driven force that drives down motivation on the Absorb team. In the Lumen team, however, there is much more team-working occurring and social attitudes seem to sustain the same intrinsic motivations for cohesion and unity when working in group environments. Max, the team leader, is much more forthcoming both professionally and emotionally when working with his group members, applauding their performance publicly. Under respected models of psychology, one of the most fundamental aspects that drive both self-confidence production and self-actualization (the pinnacle of individual achievement) is rooted under the establishment of social belonging (Morris and Maisto 164). The case study shows a marked appreciation from the Lumen team members for this social cohesion and the ability of their team leader to find inherent satisfaction when his team members are satisfied, motivated, and willing to go the proverbial extra mile to satisfy group needs. Assuming that these team members are, indeed, motivated intrinsically by harmonious team membership environments, then Max serves as an ideal catalyst for securing these motivations by providing outward social practices that feed inherent needs in all of his group members. The effects of these differences are clear. The Absorb team members do not appreciate being second-guessed and, in some instances, allegedly deceived by their team leader. The Absorb team is not receiving proper reinforcement when they feel they have accomplished significant achievements, always being told to restructure their work in a way that satisfies this

Global strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global strategy - Essay Example Their response can turn the position of any organization either way, hence knowing the customer demand is of immense importance. What is the output: having identified and addressed the other four components appropriately, the evaluation of the product or process manufactured is important, it can be done so through comparison with objectives defined and objectives achieved (Drucker, 2008). Leader is the person who leads, leadership is the process where one particular individual leads the ranks and guides rest of the team that is following the individual person. Leadership is not an individual goals achievement process; rather it is a collective process that involves taking on board all the members involved in the project. Leaders’ decisions, actions, strategy turn the fate of project and organization either way (Kellerman, 2004). An Effective leader relies on the principles of professionalism, organizational productivity, customer satisfaction, fulfilling of merits and rules are few of the top priorities of an effective leader. Besides, effective leader promotes team work, encourages his subordinates and provides them with facilities and opportunities that are beneficial both for the individuals and the organizations. Goals should be set high despite average level surroundings, and focus should be on professional work ethics regardless of the ineffective members and leadership around. Â  Young leader should follow the guidelines defined by the book, and should make every decision based on merit. Providing equal opportunities to the subordinates and bringing the best out of his lower staff are few of the qualities a leader should possess. Finally, devising an effective strategy is of core importance towards a successful business venture, this is complemented by the appropriate plan of actions to be taken.Guidelines should be provided to the new executives that provide them with a pattern of what is to achieve and how to go

PRODUCTION AND COST Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PRODUCTION AND COST - Term Paper Example ystems continue to drive costs of cross-border flows down, local and national economies continue to integrate, gradually or in shocks, into global economy. Clearly, present increasing integration into global economy in developing and developed nations alike is not a simple and direct result of communication and technological advances. This is, rather, a complex mosaic shaped by processes, institutions, and, more significantly, players. In present argument, a statement is made about globalization as a historical process which has immensely shaped international trade and global economy. Globalization is first discussed as an integrating process for national economies, leading to further integration of world’s economy as a whole. Then, a discussion of wider implications for globalization follows. Yet, since processes are not independent but are created, driven, or motivated via institutions and governing laws and rules, significance of international law, more specifically international economic law, is explored. Rules, laws, and regulations of World Trade Organization (WTO), as a unique international trade body, are given particular focus. [T]he process of greater interdependence among countries and their citizens. It consists of increased integration of product and resource markets across nations via, trade, immigration, and foreign investment – that is, via international flows of goods and services, of people, and of investment such as equipment, factories, stocks, and bonds. It also includes noneconomic elements such as culture and the environment. Simply put, globalization is political, technological, and cultural, as well as economic. (Carbaugh 2) As such, globalization accounts for increasing integration of national economies and, further still, for greater efficiencies in production as more and more jobs are outsourced globally (Carbaugh 6) and as more products are increasingly manufactured abroad (Carbaugh 14) for a host of reasons, not least lower

Task 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Task 2 - Essay Example number of customers as at January 2013 and subtracting the number of customers as at January 2012, in order to find the customer gain in the time period of 2012-2013 ( Anon, 2006) Churn Rate† This metric is given as a ratio between the number of customers a business losses over a specified period, over the number of customers that were there at the beginning of the start period. In short form, Gburn= Gt/Cat. Where; In relation to the Alnahdi group – Mize Company, the churn rate can be used appropriately in business marketing analytics in order to find a figure that can depict how the business is performing in regard its customer value over a given time. Retention Rate: This is defined as the ratio of the number of active customers at the end of the period to the number of clients at the start of the period time. In shortened form, it can be written as: Retention Rate = Ca/Cat   where, In relation to the Alnahdi group – Mize Company, the ratio would show how active the company’s customers have grown or reduced from the start of the period to its end. For instance, the ratio could be calculated by finding the number of active customers as at July 2013 and then dividing it by the number of active customers as at July 2012, in order to find the retention rate for the time period from July 2013- July 2014. As outlined above, this metric is used to find the number of customers that an organization gains within a certain period. There are various reasons that can make the number of customers for a given organization to either increase or decrease. These factors vary from customer experience, quality of products an organization offers, the additional benefits a particular group gives its customers and so forth. This metric can be analyzed in regard to the Alnahdi group – Mize Company in order to calculate the increment of the number of customers that can be associated with any of the above-mentioned factors (Carter, 2011). Taking an example, in the month

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing - Assignment Example The purpose of SWOT analysis is to provide a realistic appraisal of the firm and the environment in which it operates. SWOT provides a basis for the formulation of realistic goals and objectives and strategies for their implementation. Without a SWOT analysis the firm's planning process is fatally flawed. Planning is an information-based activity and, without information planning, quickly degenerates into a political exercise in selling individual biases and preconceptions. Further complicating matters is that if SWOT is not essentially conducted, there is no basis upon which to assess progress toward the accomplishment of goals and objectives; and the accountability upon which managerial control is based also quickly degenerates. There are significant benefits to SWOT. By the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, strategies can be designed to efficiently allocate the organization's resources, hence increasing overall organizational effectiveness. SWOT c an identify profitable opportunities and high-risk ventures that enhance the firm's effectiveness. Preventive measures can be designed to avoid major environmental threats that may save large amounts of resources that might otherwise be required to correct damage from those environmental threats. ... There are several environments in which a firm functions. These environments are the economic environment, the sociopolitical environment, and the technological environment. Each of these environments has important components and implications for the strategic planning process. The economic environment consists of both factor and product markets considerations. The availability of supporting market structures, intermediate goods, labor, and the price levels within these areas will determine the costs of production for the firm. The product market; its relative competitiveness, whether it is expanding or contracting; and its continued viability will determine the ability of the firm to generate revenues from that market. The case presented here examines the crisis and ongoing problems of Marks & Spencer, one of Britain's best known retail brands that has experienced after many years of unbroken success. The case examines the factors that contributed to perhaps the most serious threat that the company has faced in its over 100-year history and identifies the implications for the company's future public relations strategy. Marks & Spencer (M&S) is one of the UK's largest, best-known retailers and their brand has been synonymous with reliability, value and quality for generations. Marks & Spencer has been viewed as setting the standards that other retailers have striven to match over the years and, until recently, was recognized as one of Britain's best-managed companies with an enviable track record of successful growth and profits. The company has consistently been rated as Britain's 'most favored company' in surveys among business leaders. The name

From the novel The Good Earth Analyze Wang Lung Include his values, Essay

From the novel The Good Earth Analyze Wang Lung Include his values, what he loves, a chronology of the changes in his character - Essay Example The essay aims to analyse the moral character of Wang Lung in the novel. The essay examines the changes within his character throughout the novel and the chronology of changes in his thoughts and beliefs throughout the novel. The novel depicts Wang Lung as a poor, simple and hardworking farmer. He was born and raised in a small Chinese village. He was around twenty years of age at the beginning of the novel. He possesses great value for the Chinese traditions and gives considerable importance to duties to the family and filial piety. Wang held the belief that land brings happiness and wealth to the people and is great source of prosperity and richness. He was forced to marry a slave after which his life turned and he became owner of a land that made him wealthy patriarch. However, his success could be regarded as a mixed blessing because while achieving the piece of land, wealth and influence he lost his simplicity and values as found him unable to practice the norms calling for love for land and family. The novel shows the character of Wang marked with two important and contrary features. On one hand, he had great love for the land, traditions and family that allow him possessing good sense, work ethics, frugality and family love however, on the other hand, he had great desire for wealth and status in his heart and he want to get over his poverty and lo w social status. The novel depicts the change occurred within his moral and social status that brought several important changes in his life. As he got wealth and status, he lost his connection to the world and also found him unable to participate in the old traditions. These traditions were of great importance in his life and thus losing these values and norms was great setback for him and he experienced major transformation is his moral character. He used to give great value to the land and his live for earth keep his character on right track. Most of the part of the story shows him a person with true heart h aving great love for the earth however, his character was spoiled by his desire for land and status after which his moral character became a dark feature of his personality. In the end, he regret and decide to rebuilt his connection with the land but his desire for status was not over rather it was transferred to his sons and he saw in his old age that his sons were also making the same mistakes that he made in his life by breaking the connections with the land that actually has the tendency of providing wealth, happiness and status to the people. Wang was living a simple life as a countryman however when his father arrange bride for him he had to go to the town to bring her. He was afraid of facing the people in the town because he was a simple man living a simple life. He goes to the House of Hwang to collect his wife but he was not able to adequately behave with the wealthy people. He suffered from inferiority complex through he does not resent his low status but facing wealthy p eople made him highly conscious about his social status. This consciousness also compelled him committing certain acts against his nature and character. He was an honest person but he got involved in the stealing of wealth when he got chance to change his conditions. When it became difficult for him to manage livelihood for his family he moved towards south and tries to earn money carrying a rickshaw. During an incident he found that a rich house has been broken by mob where there was large amount of silver

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film analysis - Essay Example Analysis A group theory was put forth by Schutz (1958). He looked at three dimensions of groups. The first dimension is the in-out dimension, or inclusion, and this is where the people in the group are either in the group or out of the group. The second dimension is the up-down dimension, or control, and this looks at the members of the group according to how dominant, or submissive, they are to one another. The third dimension is the close-far dimension, or affection, and this how tight the link is between the individual members (Schutz, 1958). This is the basis for examining the film, by examining how the relationships between the members of the group fit the above definitions, and how the relationships were fluid, in that the dynamics constantly changed and the how the group was defined, according to these three dimensions, changed along with it. The first dimension is the in-out dimension, and this states that some people are members of a group, while others are not. In the begin ning, there was not a group, per se, but a bunch of individuals who were thrown together on a Saturday, most against their will. However, that said, there was a bonding between the two popular kids, Andrew and Claire. They were the only two who knew one another, so, if there was the possibility of having a group that consisted of only two members, then Andrew and Claire were part of a group and everybody else was not. The film implied that the two ran in the same circle in school, as, at one point, Andrew asked Claire if she were going to a certain party. So, then, in the beginning, the â€Å"in† kids were Andrew and Claire, and the â€Å"out† kids were everybody else. This gradually changed. The first indication that maybe the kids were becoming a group was when Bender took the screw out of the door that was to remain open, and the principle came in to ask who did it. The entire group stated that they did not know who did it. This was the beginning of the formation of the group, because it was the beginning of group cohesiveness, and the beginning of the â€Å"us versus them† mentality that permeated throughout the film. This was a kind of theme in the film – that the kids, no matter how different they were from one another, still formed a cohesive whole when it came to authority, and would still cover for one another, no matter how they felt about the individual members of the group. The second major time that the kids became a group, in that all were a part of the group, and there was nobody outside the group, was when they went out into the hall to go to Bender’s locker. This was obviously something that could have gotten all of them into trouble, and Andy, at least, was not in a position to serve another Saturday detention, due to the fact that he had a meet on the following Saturday, so, at least for Andy, going out into the hall was a major risk. Presumably the other kids, with the exception of Allison, who wanted to b e there, and Bender, who had a series of other Saturday detentions lined up anyhow, also were taking a huge risk of getting another Saturday detention. Yet the kids all risked this by going out into the hall with Bender, despite the fact that none of them were needed for the task. That they all chose to do this shows that the kids were members of a group, because it shows that they were going to stick together. The going out into th

All the Worlds a Stage by William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

All the Worlds a Stage by William Shakespeare Essay â€Å"All The World’s a Stage† by William Shakespeare is a short poem comparing our lives and the many stages we have to a theatrical play and the many rolls an actor plays in them. William Shakespeare identifies the seven stages a person goes through in life. Infancy, the stage where he is a baby introduced to the world, crying and puking in the nurse’s arms. Childhood, this is the stage where he is growing up and starting school with no enthusiasm. The lover, this is the stage where he has a mistress and falls in love with her, while he tries to sing her a song he can’t look into her eyes because he’s so shy. The soldier is when he tries to keep his reputation thinking less of himself and more of others, and always being ready to fight. The justice stage is where he has gained wisdom and prosperity by the many experiences he had in life. The old age stage is when he begins to lose his charm physically and mentally, he also loses his firmness and personality. Finally, physical and mental lose and death, he begins to become dependent on others like a child and needs constant help from others to perform any tasks; he slowly loses his teeth, eyesight, and taste, until he finally dies. In this paper I will analyze the way William Shakespeare compares a person’s life and its many stages to a theatrical stage and the many rolls and actor performs, his tone, how he uses explicit details, imagery, repetition, consonance, and any other figurative language he uses in this poem. Tone The tone in this poem in my opinion is that William Shakespeare feels as if everyone ends up the way people do just because we all go through life as if we were actors on a stage reading a script knowing every step to take till the very end. He is accepting of death, he knows that everyone goes through every single stage of life assuming they know what do to do next, but no one really does. I came to this conclusion because Shakespeare shows no type of anger or excitement throughout the poem. He is neutral; he is neither afraid of death nor excited about it. He feels as if everyone has a purpose in life and to find that purpose you have to go through every stage. It doesn’t matter how confident you are, how hard you try, or how fast you get through each stage, everyone will always end the same way, dying. Shakespeare knows you cannot skip this part of life no matter who you are. One can only enjoy the time you have and wait for your time to come. He understands no one’s life is fully complete until you go through your final stage of life and die. Imagery William Shakespeare uses a lot of very strong visual imagery though out his poem. In line 7-9 one can visualize a little boy in the morning, tired and very slowly dragging himself to school with his satchel, when he says â€Å"the whining schoolboy, with his satchel and shining morning face, creeping like a snail unwillingly to school. † Another sense of strong imagery is in line 5-6, when he says â€Å"at first, the infant, mewling and puking in the nurse’s arms. † In this line one can easily picture a nurse holding a baby who just came into this world for the first time, whining, squirming, and puking in her arms. In line 9-11 William Shakespeare says â€Å"the lover sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad made to his mistress’ eyebrow. † Here he explains that the lover wrote his mistress a song like poem to express his love to her, but his too shy to look her in the eyes while he sings to her. William Shakespeare uses the entire poem â€Å"All the World’s a Stage† as a metaphor to compare the stages of life to a theatrical stage. He explains how the rolls we play throughout our lives are like the rolls an actor plays on stage. He makes sure to say that no one is ever the same person their entire life, just as an actor doesn’t stay the same throughout a play. William Shakespeare uses strong imagery and metaphor in the poem for us to picture images every stage and how we change all throughout them as we read. Sound Sound is a very big part of this poem, because he uses a specific structure, some rhyme and repetition. The structure of this poem is very important because each stage is in order. He goes from infant, to schoolboy, to lover, to soldier, to justice, to old age, and finally death. For one’s life to start you must be born into this world as an infant; then you slowly grow into a schoolboy, become a lover and then a soldier trying to keep your reputation. You gain wisdom and justice and then you grow into old age where you lose your appearance physically and mentally. Lastly you become dependent on others and eventually your life is over. This poem also has some rhyme in it but not much. You will not find rhyme in the same line. In line 7 he uses the word â€Å"whining† and in line 8 he uses the word â€Å"shining† to describe the schoolboy, which both words rhyme with each other. He doesn’t feel the need to have to rhyme so much in this poem for one to fully understand the metaphor he is conveying. He also uses repetition in the last line of the poem. As he says â€Å"sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything† he repeats â€Å"sans† to let you know he has lost his teeth, eyes, taste, everything as he dies. Theme The theme to â€Å"All the World’s a Stage† in my opinion is live life to the fullest with no regrets. Everyone should have their own life, and do their own thing. No one should have the same routine every single day, that’s boring. Be spontaneous, do things you’d never imagine doing. You’d be surprised at the many things one can do in this world at any age; we just have to be willing to leave our comfort zone and let loose. One should not let another person take over their life for any reason. We should have control of it, and be able to do what we want when we want, and not have to ask for permission. Not everyone goes through each stage of life at the same time, it shouldn’t matter how old one is. One should always have time to laugh and have a good time at any time no matter what. In this poem it is very clear that William Shakespeare wants you to understand how one goes through life. One usually goes through life making choices behind choices, living off your decisions and its consequences. We each have our own routine we follow day by day, even if we don’t always notice it. It’s as if were a character in a play and we follow a script we memorize every day, until something unexpected happens and our role changes. We have to accommodate the new situation into our schedule and try to make it work. We also have time to squeeze in some fun and live. We tend to surprise ourselves from time to time to shake up our lives a little. If you go through your whole life thinking â€Å"what if† isn’t healthy, you need to take a risk and throw yourself out there. Have fun and live your life while you still have it.

Spanish Language Varieties in Spain and in Mexico

Spanish Language Varieties in Spain and in Mexico Spanish language varieties in Spain and in Mexico. George Bernard Shaw regarded Great Britain and America as ‘two countries divided by a common language’. This viewpoint can be also applied to Spain and Mexico, the Spanish-speaking countries with different language varieties and dialects that have been formed under the influence of specific historical, cultural, political and social events. Despite the fact that Spanish is spoken in many countries, the major varieties of Spanish can be observed in Latin America and Spain, where the language, according to Clare Mar-Molinero (2000), â€Å"is buoyant and secure† (p.18). Spanish belongs to the Indo-European language family and comes from Vulgar Latin language, although Spanish vocabulary consists of Italian, French and Arabic words. Spanish language in Latin America has five major varieties: the Caribbean, the South American Pacific, the Argentinian-Uruguyan-Paraguayan, the Central American, and the Highland (or Standard) Latin American. However, this classification is too generalised, as it is based only on the differences in pronunciation. Due to â€Å"the immensity of the territory where Latin American Spanish is spoken† (Lipski, 1994 p.3), linguists analyse language varieties â€Å"along geographical, political, ethnic, musicological and social lines† (Lipski, 1994 p.3). The residents of Mexico mainly use the Caribbean and Highland Latin American dialects that emerged after the formation of Peruvian Spanish. Nahuatl dialect that belongs to the Uto-Aztecan language group (Andrews, 1975) and has â€Å"the greatest influence in centra l Mexico† (Lipski, 1994 p.6) is an ancient Spanish dialect. About one million Mexican people speak Nahuatl dialect nowadays. In Spain there are also two principal language varieties – the Castilian and the Andalusian dialects that were formed in the middle ages, although some regions of Northern and Southern Spain create other specific dialects. As Spanish language descends from Castile, the Spanish region that became a centre of political significance since the thirteenth century, the Castilian dialect is one of the most widespread varieties and is accepted as a national criterion in Spain. Mar-Molinero (2000) considers that the phenomenon of ‘Castilianisation’ was initiated by the Visigoths; however, it was only in the eighteenth century when the Castilian dialect displaced other language varieties as a result of Charles’ III 1768 declaration, demonstrating a profound impact of political prevalence on linguistic prevalence. Mar-Molinero (2000) also states that the Andalusian dialect considerably influenced the formation of the Standard Latin American (pp.36-37), although this viewpoint is strongly opposed by sociolinguists. Other crucial language varieties in Spain are Euskara, Galician and Catalan; these dialects have some parallels with Portuguese and French languages, although they do not belong to the Indo-European language family. The emergence of these three Spanish varieties is closely connected with the spread of nationalism. The Levantine varieties also constitute an important group of dialects utilised in such Spanish regions as Alicante, Valencia and Castellà ³n. People in these areas currently use Catalan/Valencian, Murcian, Andalusian, Aragon, and La Manche/Castile dialects. The differences in all these Spanish language varieties attribute to pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar (Penny, 2000). In particular, pronunciation of the Standard Latin American differs from the Castilian, similar to the dissimilarities between British English and American English. In the Castilian dialect the sounds ‘ce’ or ‘ci’ are changed into ‘th’: ‘gracias’ (thanks) appears as ‘gratheas’; however, in the Standard Latin American the word ‘gracias’ is pronounced as ‘gras-see-as†. Such separate pronunciation of the word ‘grasseeas’ is a characteristic feature of the Standard Latin American dialect. In the Castilian dialect some words are ended in a vocable vowel, losing their last consonants, while two Mexican dialects are characterised by the pronunciation of final consonants. Overall, the speech in Mexico is slow in comparison with the speech in the majority of Spanish regio ns (Hill Hill, 1986); however, the Caribbean, or Lowland dialect is defined as a rather prompt and informal variety of Spanish language. In addition to the differences in pronunciation, there are some differences in grammar. In Mexican Spanish ‘ustedes’ (you) is utilised both for formal and informal address, while in Castilian Spanish there are two words for formal and informal address – ‘ustedes’ and ‘vosotros’, respectively. Some verbs in the Caribbean and Highland Latin American dialects have changed their initial forms, acquiring certain Anglicisms and Americanisms. In particular, Mexican residents say, â€Å"Apliquà © a la Universidad† (I applied to the university), while Spanish people utilise a more precise form – ‘Postulà © a la universidad’. Similarly, Spaniards in Spain prefer to utilise pasado perfecto (the compound tense that is similar to English Present Perfect tense): ‘Yo he viajado a los Estados Unidos’ (I have travelled to the USA). Mexican people use a more simplified tense – pretà ©rito indefinido (Englis h Past Indefinite), for example, â€Å"Viajà © a Estados Unidos† (I travelled to the USA). According to Julia Kristeva (1989), â€Å"Language is so intimately linked to man and society that they are inseparable† (p.3); thus, the utilisation of Anglicisms and Americanisms in Mexican Spanish reflects historical and social differences between Spain and Mexico. Duncan Green (1997) points at the impact of the United States on language and identity of Mexican population; in particular, the author states that â€Å"The mass media has become a battleground in the struggle to define Latin American’s identity† (pp.98-99). The simplification of Spanish language in Mexico reveals that various social changes modify language, and language shapes the identity of Mexican people. As Mar-Molinero (2000) states, â€Å"Not only does language have an instrumental role as a means of communication, it also has an extremely important symbolic role as marker of identity† (p.3). Due to the fact that social identities of Mexican and Spanish people differ, Spanish language of Mexico and Spain is characterised by a rather diverse vocabulary. For instance, the word ‘Okay’ is translated as ‘Sale’ in Mexico, and as ‘Chungo’ – in Madrid; similarly, the word ‘work’ is rendered as ‘chambear’ in Mexico and as ‘currar’ – in Spain. Another difference that distinguishes Mexican Spanish from Spanish in Spain is the preservation of archaisms in the Caribbean and Highland Latin American dialects. Such words and expressions as ‘Órale’ (All right), ‘Ya mero’ (almost) or ‘Quà © pedo?† (What is going on?) are normal for Mexican Spanish, but they are not utilised in Spain. John Lipski (1994) considers that these language varieties emerged as a result of cultural and social interactions of Spain and Mexico with other countries. The Standard Latin American dialect was considerably influenced by Italian and African immigrants who arrived in Latin America at the end of the nineteenth – the beginning of the twentieth centuries (Lipski, 1994 pp.11-12). Skidmore and Smith (2000) reveal the similar viewpoint, claiming that in Latin America â€Å"languages, food, sports, and music all show profound and continuing African influence† (p.356). Simultaneously, the Standard Lat in American and the Caribbean dialects reflect native roots, especially Indian roots that are rather distinct in Mexican Spanish. For instance, the language of the Mayans serves as the basis for more than thirty dialects in Mexico, let alone the language of the Aztecs. In particular, many modern Mexican dialects preserve initial and final sounds tl- in certain words, like ‘Nahuatl’, ‘Quetzalcoatl’, the god of Aztecs, or ‘Tlaxcala’, Mexican state. As Skidmore and Smith (2000) point out, â€Å"Aside from the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas, there were many other Indian cultures. In the area of modern-day Mexico alone there were over 200 different linguistic groups† (p.14). However, the impact of the Castilian language on the formation of Mexican Spanish is the greatest, as the Castilian was the only language taught in Mexican schools with the arrival of Spanish settlers. Thus, three major aspects aggravated the differences between Spanish spoken in Spain and Spanish spoken in Mexico: Spanish settlements in Mexico, immigration of English, Italian and African people, and finally, linguistic drift. Analysing Spanish language varieties in Mexico and Spain, the essay demonstrates that the differences mainly exist in spoken language, influencing such linguistic aspects as vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar. The Caribbean and Highland Latin American dialects in Mexico and the Castilian and the Andalusian dialects in Spain are characterised by diverse accent, idioms and unique words, but these variants are integral parts of Spanish language. As a result of various social and political changes, modern Mexican Spanish has been exposed to the process of Americanisation, which considerably simplifies vocabulary and grammar of Spanish dialects in Mexico and intensifies the differences between Mexican Spanish and Spanish spoken in Spain. The spread of travels and mass media changes Spanish language in both Mexico and various areas of Spain, revealing unique cultural identities of different Spanish-speaking groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography Andrews, J. R. (1975) Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. Austin, University of Texas. Green, D. (1997) Faces of Latin America. Nottingham, Russell Press, Latin American Bureau. Hill, J. H. and Hill, K.C. (1986) Speaking Mexicano. Tucson, University of Arizona Press.   Kristeva, J. (1989) Language: The Unknown An Initiation Into Linguistics. London, Harvest Wheatsheaf. Lipski, J.M. (1994) Latin American Spanish. London, New York, Longman. Mar-Molinero, C. (2000) The Politics of Language in the Spanish-Speaking World from Colonization to Globalization. London, New York, Routledge. Penny, R. (2000) Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Skidmore, T. E. and Smith, P.H. (2000) Modern Latin America. 5th edition. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Outgoing Travel Organization Business Plan Essay -- business plan, tra

Outgoing travel is an organisation based on the idea of fun and freedom. If you are part of a society, club, international society or just a group of friends, they make it easy to organise life changing trips to destinations and events throughout the UK & Europe. They organise day trips, weekend breaks, events and festivals and many other exciting ventures for anyone with a sense of excitement and fun. Where is the company located? The address of a local outgoing travel organisation is located below: 25 Brunswick Rd Manchester, Greater Manchester, M20 4QB Tel: 0161 610 2000 The company’s main objectives. The company aims to have anybody come along to the organisation, however I would say that their target market, or at least the one the organisation appeals most to is that of students at colleges and universities. The main functions of an organisation are 1. Sales (this involves the distribution of goods and provided by the organisation) 2. Purchasing (this involves a consumer buying the product) 3. Finance (this involves managing the money that flows in and out of the company) 4. Operations (this involves carrying out the main business of the organisation) The main objectives of the organisation are to organise the most prestigious events for young people to enjoy and to help people have something to look forward to before or after they finish college or university. They have ranges of packages which suit even the most discerning of people and they cater to everybody’s needs. As well as that, the company has an objective to make a profit. If the company profits from the events and selling their ideas through marketing, then one of their main objectives have been fulfilled. Also their objective is to pro... ... It helps to give the organisation a clear idea of what sort of person to focus their marketing activities on. It may, for example, be possible to group customers according to geographic area or to target their own promotional and sales efforts more precisely. With this database, the company is also able to communicate successfully with their customers by identifying similar groups of customers to target by a particular method; such as by telephone, direct mail, email or face to face. The company has the choice to reward regular, profitable customers with targeted special offers, and to target customers from whom they haven't had business in the past. CRM also helps the company to measure the effectiveness of their marketing activities so that they don't waste time and money on customers who aren't responding to the promotional campaigns that the company provides.

William Shakespeare, :: essays research papers

William Shakespeare, April 23 of 1564 the beginning to the path of great literature and performance, the birth of William Shakespeare, whose creations have affected everyone for generations. |He was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. William was the third child out of eight from John and Mary Shakespeare. The names of the other seven children are Joan, Margaret, Gilbert, Joan, Ann, Richard and Edmund. William’s grandfather, Richard Shakespeare was a whittawer and a dealer in agricultural commodities. Richard died 52 days after the birth of William.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William attended the Stratford Grammar School. Even though the record-of- attendance have been lost it is no doubt that he truly attended the school, since the school was built and maintained expressly for the purpose of education the sons of prominent citizens. Because William attended church, the other obvious education is the exposer to either the Geneva Bible or the Bishops’ Bible or King James. It also brings him to the influence of The Book of Common Prayer. No one knows exactly how long William remained at the Stratford Grammar School but it is believed that an assistant of John Shakespeare forced him to withdraw William from thence. His later education must be the ways of business he would have learned around his father’s shop. Spectators said they have seen William give speeches to the calf before slaughtering them for his father’s leather work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William married Ann Hathwey in 1582. She was also from Stratford where William was born. Even though she was eight years older than he, their marriage was a success. Ann was three months in pregnancy when they were wed. Their first born Susanna was born in May 26, 1583. After that they had twins named after life time friends, Hamnet and Judeth Sadler. There wasn’t much talk from William about his marriage except some of his literature showed apparent resemblance of him and his wife. It seemed he was regarding him and his wife in some plays.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were no records of Shakespeare’s activities after the birth of his twins. We called it the lost years. It was believed that at those periods he was on refuge from a sort of crime. There wasn’t any hard evidence on his activities but there were many theories to fill in the time of activity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The mark of William Shakespeare’s rise in London theater world in 1592 on a famous literary by Robert Greene which clearly refers to William Shakespeare.

Promotional Strategies Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"How do I get my product/service out there?† This is a question that many people who plan to begin their own businesses, or even larger companies who have already established a name for themselves, frequently ask. Your product or service may be the latest and greatest on the market today, but that doesn't help you if no one knows it exists. You need to find someway to make yourself and your product known. That is where promotion comes into play. But what exactly is promotion? Well, www.dictionary.com defines promotion as: The act of promoting or the fact of being promoted; advancement. Encouragement of the progress, growth, or acceptance of something; furtherance. Advertising; publicity. Essentially this covers everything from commercials to magazine ads and even free items given out at exhibitions and trade shows. Promotion is preformed many different ways by many different people but when it all comes down to it there is really only one purpose. To get your name out there. Now you're probably wondering which kind or promotional strategy would be best for your product, and you would be right to wonder about this. Not every product can be marketed in the same way. Truth be told the promotional strategy is based solely on the product or service. There is no list of defined laws for promotion. The best I can do is give some examples of promotion and explain some points. The rest is really up to you. For simplicity sake all of my promotional examples are taken from the gaming software aspect of the Information Technology field. More specifically the games programmed for gaming consoles such as the Playstation and GameCube. To start things off we'll discuss the media aspect of promotion. But just what makes a promotion successful? And how many types of promotions are out there? The Handbook Of Market Segmentation says: Successful advertising calls for investing your dollars wisely. Advertising expenditures should be allocated to those media vehicles which can best deliver to target markets. Scores of different media can be used. One advertising company claimed that more than 14,000 choices exist. Obviously, most of these media are obscure, impractical, or unimportant. For simplicity, media can be divided into three major classes: 1.Bro... ... into a promotion for a product that hasn't been completed yet. Nintendo decided the best course of action would be to take shots of what they already have completed, put it to some good sounding dramatic music, just to show viewers what this game will have to offer. After all of this you have to ask yourself â€Å"Is all of this stuff really worth it?†. Most companies would say definitely. Promotional items make sure that people have physical objects to remember your product by, and as for the commercials, well, Alan Bruce said it best in his article â€Å"Marking 50 Years Of Memorable TV†: If the TV medium has reason to celebrate anything lately, it's commercials like these. And industry groups just that marking the 50th anniversary of those ineluctable ads whose history is as memorable – for better or worse – as that of the TV programming itself. Bibliographies 1.Weinstein, Art. The Handbook of Market Segmentation. New York: The Haworth Press, 2004 2.Bruce, Alan. "Marking 50 Years of Memorable TV The Commercials" Christian Science Monitor. 3 Mar. 1995: Vol: 87, Issue: 67 3.Videos care of www.nintendo.com

Smog City 2 from Particle Pollution

Name: Date: Save Smog City 2 from Particle Pollution Student Worksheet 1. Access the Smog City 2 web site at www. smogcity2. org. 2. Select â€Å"Save Smog City 2 from Particle Pollution. † 3. Once Smog City 2 loads to your computer, take note of the areas of Smog City, including Weather Conditions, Emissions Levels and Population. All areas have â€Å"clickable† choices. Mouse-over or click on the choices. †¢ NOTE: in the information box at the bottom of the screen, there is information about each choice. 4. Notice how each of the choices are pre-set to a certain level. These are called the default settings. You can use the reset button at any time to return to the default settings. In the chart below, circle or highlight the default setting for each choice. The first setting, Sunlight, has already been completed for you. Weather ConditionsChoices Included in the Area: Sunlight : Inversion Layer: Wind Speed: Maximum Daily Temperature: Clear -Partly Cloudy – Cloudy No inversion – Low inversion – High inversion Calm – Light Breeze – Breezy – Windy 30? F – 40 ? F – 50? F – 80? F – 90? F – 100 ? F – 110 ? F EmissionChoices Included in the Area: Energy Sources – Cars and Trucks – Off Road Vehicles – Consumer Products- Industry – Some energy sources produce more smog-producing emissions than others. (level 1 is cleaner sources like a wind or solar technology, level 3 produces more smog like a coal-fired power plant) Levels: 1 2 3 This includes Passenger vehicles (all sizes), large and medium trucks, motorcycles Levels: 1 2 3 4 5 This includes airplanes, trains, power boats, earth movers, tractors, harvesters, forklifts, bulldozers, backhoes Levels: 1 2 3 4 5 This includes paint thinner, charcoal lighter fluid, glue or other adhesives, gasoline Levels: 1 2 3 4 5 This includes manufacturing facilities, power plants, oil refineries/storage/distribution centers, food and agricultural processing Levels: 1 2 3 4 5 Area Name:Choices Included in the Area: Population – Population in Smog City 2 affects air quality. Changing population, as shown by the â€Å"total emissions† chart and the emission sources n the cityscape, affects VOCs, NOx and SO2. The compounds react to form ground-level ozone and particle pollution. When temperatures are cool, changing population also changes the usage of wood-burning stoves, which emit particle pollutionIn Smog City 2, you can increase the population from near-zero to about two million people. Levels: 1 2 3 4 5 5. Observe the AQI (Air Quality Index) box inside the bla ck box. The default settings, which are circled above, result in a â€Å"red†, or â€Å"Unhealthy† AQI for particle pollution. The health message is: â€Å"Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should avoid prolonged outdoor exertion; everyone else, especially children, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion. † Scenario 1: Emission Sources 1. Minimize the â€Å"Save Smog City 2 from Particle Pollution! † instructions at the top of the screen. 2. Turn only Cars and Trucks control to 1. Leave all other choices at the default settings. Record what happens on the Student Worksheet in the table below. Uses the reset button to return the Cars and Trucks control to 3, so all controls are in default position. . Turn only Off Road down to 1. Leave all other settings alone. Record what happens on the Student Worksheet. Use the reset button to return the Off Road control to the middle setting, so all controls are in default position. Student Worksheet Energy SourcesCars &TrucksOff RoadConsumer ProductsIndustryAir Quality Index (AQI) ColorMessageValue DefaultRedU nhealthy157 21333YellowModerate80 23133RedUnhealthy158 4. Using the worksheet below, adjust each of the remaining controls noted in red and record the result in the worksheet. Student Worksheet Energy SourcesCars &TrucksOff RoadConsumer ProductsIndustryAir Quality Index (AQI) ColorMessageValue 23313RedUnhealthy175 23331RedUnhealthy152 13333Red Unhealthy173 5. Move all Emission controls to level 1. What is the AQI? Why? The AQI is green and healthy. The emissions are the main reason for the poor air quality. 6. Using the reset button, return all Emission controls to the middle setting and turn the Population control to level 1. What is the AQI? Why? (Hint: Read â€Å"WHAT IS THIS† in the information box) The AQI is green again. The reason for this is because when there are less people, there are less emissions as well as less particle pollutions from wood burning fireplaces (when the weather drops below 50 degrees. ) Scenario 2: Weather 1. Using the reset button, return all Emission and Population controls to the middle setting. What is the AQI level? Unhealthy for sensitive groups is the AQI when emissions and population controls are in the middle. 2. Set the Temperature to 80 degrees F. Check the black sign in the cityscape for the temperature. How does this affect particle pollution? Why? Heat increases the chemical conversion of emissions to ozone and particle pollution. 3. Move the Inversion control to low-altitude (the far right). How does this affect particle pollution levels? Why? Temperature inversions create a warm layer of air above the ground-level ozone that traps pollution. The lower the altitude, the closer to the ground the lid traps the pollution. Questions Based on all the data collected, answer the following questions 1. Was there any one variable that seemed to have a greater increase in particle pollution than others tested? Which one? Population made the most impact in either direction quicker than any other factor. 2. What steps could be taken to control emissions levels? Choose energy sources that are not produced with fossil fuels, telecommute (shop online) instead of taking trips to the mall, recycle, etc. 3. Can you think of ways to reduce particle pollution levels? Keep fire burning to a minimum or use a gas burning fireplace instead, ride a bike, take public transportation, walk, keep â€Å"off road† trips to a minimum, avoid revving engines for longer than 30 seconds when driving, etc.

Technology Forecast

Technology forecasting is considered to be vital in today’s business environment. There have been many success stories as well as failures. Forecasting technology impacts many aspects from acquiring a new technology to developing a new technology. The course will start with reviewing several methodologies and then will analyze those impacts and how to make them beneficial for the organizations through many case studies, professional and research articles. Case Studies are selected from Harvard Business School Case Studies. Articles are selected from journals such as Technology Forecasting and Social Change. GRADING AND DELIVERABLES Specific Deliverable Cases (team – in class)30%Presentations Project (team)40%Paper + Presentation Readings (individual)30%2 article discussions ———————————————————————————– TOTAL100% GUIDELINES FOR DELIVERABLES CASES – Cases will be analyzed and presented in class by teams. You should read and get yourself familiar with the case before the class, READINGS – You will be assigned 2 articles to discuss in class. PROJECT – Identify an emerging technology as a team and develop a forecast using Technology Forecasting Tools. Examples of such projects will be provided. Your team is required to present the progress and results of your project during the scheduled times in class. Progress presentations should not exceed 20 minutes and the final presentation will be limited to 45 minutes. You also will need to submit a report which should follow TFSC journal guidelines for a journal paper. Your report should include a literature search justifying the topic and methods used. CASES 1. Strategic Planning at United Parcel Service, David A. Garvin, Lynne C. Levesque, Product#: 306002 2. Forecasting the Adoption of a New Product, Elie Ofek, Product#: 505062 – AND – Forecasting the Adoption of E-Books, Elie Ofek, Peter Wickersham, Product Number: 9-505-063 3. Illinois Superconductor Corp. : Forecasting Demand for Superconducting Filters, Mohanbir Sawhney, Lisa Damkroger, Greg McGuirk, Julie Milbratz, John Rountree, Product#: KEL096 READINGS Introduction to Technology Forecasting 1. Linstone, H. A. , TFSC: 1969-1999. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 62, Issues 1-2, August-September 1999, Pages 1-8. 2. Ayres, R. U. What have we learned? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 62, Issues 1-2, August-September 1999, Pages 9-12. 3. Martino, J. P. , Thirty years of change and stability. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 62, Issues 1-2, August-September 1999, Pages 13-18. 4. Porter, A. L. , Tech forecasting an empirical perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 62, Issues 1-2, August-Septem ber 1999, Pages 19-28. 5. Linstone, H. A. , The 21st century: Everyman as Faust – technology, terrorism, and the multiple perspectives approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 70, Issue 3, March 2003, Pages 283-296. Technology Forecasting Techniques 6. Mishra, Somnath, S. G Deshmukh and Prem Vrat, Matching of technological forecasting technique to a technology , Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 69, Issue 1, January 2002, Pages 1-27. 7. Technology Futures Analysis Methods Working Group, Technology futures analysis: Toward integration of the field and new methods, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 71, Issue 3, March 2004, Pages 287-303. 8. Silberglitt, R. , Hove, A. , and Shulman, P. Analysis of US energy scenarios: Meta-scenarios, pathways, and policy implications. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 70, Issue 4, May 2003, Pages 297-315. 9. Rowe, G. and G. Wright, The Delphi technique as a forecasting tool: Issues and analysis, International Journal of Forecasting, Volume 15, Issue 4, October 1999, Pages 353-375. 10. Lena Borjeson, Mattias Hojer, Karl-He nrik Dreborg, Tomas Ekvall and Goran Finnveden, Scenario types and techniques: Towards a user's guide, Futures, Volume 38, Issue 7, September 2006, Pages 723-739. 11. Winebrake, J. J. , and Creswick, B. P. The future of hydrogen fueling systems for transportation: An application of perspective-based scenario analysis using the analytic hierarchy process, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 70, Issue 4, May 2003, Pages 359-384. 12. Sager, B. , Scenarios on the Future of Biotechnology. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 68, Issue 2, October 2001, Pages 109-129. 13. Modis, T. , Technological forecasting at the stock market. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 62, Issue 3, November 1999, Pages 173-202. 14. Devezas, Tessaleno C. , Harold A. Linstone and Humberto J. S. Santos, The growth dynamics of the Internet and the long wave theory, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 72, Issue 8, October 2005, Pages 913-935. 15. Ilonen, Jarmo, Joni-Kristian Kamarainen, Kaisu Puumalainen, Sanna Sundqvist and Heikki Kalviainen, Toward automatic forecasts for diffusion of innovations, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 73, Issue 2, February 2006, Pages 182-198. 16. Martino, Joseph P. , A comparison of two composite measures of technology , Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 44, Issue 2, September 1993, Pages 147-159. Emerging Technology Forecasting Techniques 17. Inman, Oliver Lane, Timothy R. Anderson and Robert R. Harmon, Predicting U. S. jet fighter aircraft introductions from 1944 to 1982: A dogfight between regression and TFDEA, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 73, Issue 9, November 2006, Pages 1178-1187. 18. Anderson, Timothy, Rolf Fare, Shawna Grosskopf, Lane Inman and Xiaoyu Song, Further examination of Moore's law with data envelopment analysis, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 69, Issue 5, June 2002, Pages 465-477. 19. Barley, S. R. , What Can We Learn from the History of Technology. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Volume 15, Issue 4, September 1998, Pages 237-255. 20. Bowonder, B. , T. Miyake, and B. Muralidharan, Predicting the future: Lessons from evolutionary theory, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 62, Issues 1-2, August-September 1999, Pages 51-62. 21. Guice, J. , Designing the Future: The Culture of New Trends in Science and Technology. Research Policy, Volume 28, Issue 1, January 1999, Pages 81-98. 22. Phaal, R. , Farrukh, C. J. P. , and Probert, D. R. , Technology Roadmapping – A Planning Framework for Evolution and Revolution. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 71, Issues 1-2, January-February 2004, Pages 5-26. 23. Kayal, A. , Measuring the Pace of Technological Process: Implication for Technological Forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 60, Issue 3, March 1999, Pages 237-245. 24. T. U. Daim, G. Rueda, H. Martin, and P. Gerdsri, Forecasting Emerging Technologies: Use of Bibliometrics and Patent Analysis, Technology Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 73, Issue 8, October 2006, Pages 981-1012. 25. Watts, R. J. and A. L. Porter, Innovation Forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 56, Issue 1, September 1997, Pages 25-47. SCHEDULE Subjects to be CoveredAssignment/Readings 1/4 †¢Teams Formed 1/11 †¢Introduction to Technology Forecasting †¢Technology Planning †¢Case Study 1: Strategic Planning at United Parcel Service †¢Case Preparation and Presentations †¢Article Discussion Articles 1-5 1/18UNIVERSITY CLOSED 1/25 †¢Extrapolation by Regression – Guest Speaker: Jisun Kim †¢Project Proposal Presentations 2/1 †¢Delphi, Analogy, Scenarios, Environment Monitoring, Growth Curves †¢In Class Exercise: Cable TV Diffusion Article Discussion ?Articles 6-16 2/8 †¢Case Study 2: Forecasting the Adoption of a New Product †¢Case Preparation and Presentations †¢Project Progress Presentations 2/15 †¢Emerging Technology Forecasting Methods: TFDEA – Guest Speaker – Tim Anderson 2/22 ?Emerging Technology Forecasting Methods: Bibliometrics, Pa tent Searches, †¢Article Discussion? ?Articles 17-25 3/1 †¢Project Results Presentations 3/8 †¢Case Study 3: Illinois Superconductor Corp. : Forecasting Demand for Superconducting Filters †¢Case Preparation and Presentations 3/15 †¢Final Reports