Health Care and Grief free essay sample

Despondency: A Family Crisis Codie Robertson Idaho State University Introduction Grief happens over all ages and is a part all things considered (Jacob, 1993). Is a response to a circumstance of misfortune or approaching misfortune, which can result from the passing of a friend or family member, or loss of something prized (Dunn, 2004). There have been various exploration articles and distributions in the clinical field to help in characterizing and dealing with the parts of anguish. In any case, numerous parts of anguish despite everything stay obscure (O’Mallon, 2009).Frequently, articles center in the territory of the misery encounters after the passing of a friend or family member, or cherished things. In any case, melancholy can show preceding loss of a person or thing, for example, in the occasion of the finding of terminal sickness with respect to a friend or family member (Dunn, 2004). This is alluded to as expectant despondency. Relatives can experience the distress response preceding the demise of a friend or family member once the finding of terminal sickness has been given. We will compose a custom exposition test on Social insurance and Grief or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This is when, a decent emotionally supportive network is significant, however elevated consciousness of the heath care supplier is important. Distress can show itself with both physical and mental confusions, and requires an all encompassing methodology of care (Field et al. , 2008). Meaning of the idea To start to comprehend what distress is it is essential to initially know the establishment, and meaning of the word. Sorrow is gotten from the Latin word gravare; which generally means weight or cause trouble (Dunn, 2004). The Oxford word reference characterizes melancholy as â€Å"great misery raised by ruckus or misfortune and a substantial distress (Oxford word reference, 1989, p. 209). † Greenstreet, (2004) characterizes anguish as a reaction that is individual and includes physical, enthusiastic, social, psychological, and otherworldly angles, and makes the presumption it is a response, which follows as per an apparent misfortune. In brain science Freud previously characterized anguish as â€Å"the unobtrusive yet dynamic retreat of vitality that is associated with the person who has encountered a misfortune to the article that has been lost (Jacob, 1993, p. 1787). As an idea, rief contains qualities including dynamic, individualized, typical, and unavoidable, which further assists with characterizing misery as a dynamic, ordinary, individualized course that penetrates all bits of the individual encountering misfortune (Jacob, 1993). The idea of anguish is viewed as powerful on the grounds that the procedure doesn't advance in unsurprising way. This implies albeit an individual may feel goals to certain individual parts of despondency they may again become known at some other point. What's more, despondency is additionally individualized and the particular milieu of life encounters and connections may affect how an individual responds.

Waiting lists in the NHS clearly demonstrate that it is inefficient Essay Example

Holding up records in the NHS plainly show that it is wasteful Essay In 2002, open consumption on wellbeing spoke to 7.7% of GDP. Simultaneously, more than one million individuals were sitting tight for treatment on the NHS.1 Through a relapse examination with an example size of more than ten thousand, T.Besley et al found that if the drawn out holding up list were to ascend by one for each thousand, at that point there would be a 2% expansion in the likelihood that an individual.would purchase private protection. It has in this way been appeared through relapse contemplates that purchasers of wellbeing see quality in the NHS through holding up times. Given that tax assessment remains the essential strategy for financing the NHS, the reality in this way, that holding up records do exist stays a reason for worry to numerous individuals as they question how their assets are being distributed. In this exposition, I will chiefly talk about why holding up records exist by any means, and think about the related productivity contentions. As indicated by this point, I intend to disperse the idea that holding up records are by and large wasteful. While applying financial matters to any zone in an effective zone we for the most part think about two factors; cost and yield. In this regard, the NHS can be viewed as a peculiarity as for financial aspects as assets must be allotted without the value component. It would thus be able to be seen on an extremely essential level why holding up records may exist. Think about the accompanying outline:- Figure 1. We will compose a custom exposition test on Waiting records in the NHS obviously exhibit that it is wasteful explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Waiting records in the NHS unmistakably exhibit that it is wasteful explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Waiting records in the NHS obviously exhibit that it is wasteful explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Undoubtedly, in the NHS, there are no expenses of treatment. The NHS will confront an interest bend, D1 and its patients will devour up to the point Qnhs. Were there a productive value instrument set up, it very well may be accepted that the ideal amount would be at OQ*. It is along these lines the case that in the NHS there exists abundance request to the degree Qnhs OQ*. This abundance request can be essentially thought of as the degree of holding up records. Before we can examine completely in the case of holding up records are effective we should ask what effectiveness is in the NHS. I will asses proficiency in the NHS overwhelmingly around the idea of Pareto effectiveness. Pareto characterized the financially productive result in the public eye just like a circumstance where it is difficult to improve the part of any individual without harming another person. This infers allocative productivity as there is the right utilization of assets to every individual. As indicated by a solitary market, in this occurrence wellbeing, we can derive that this implies peripheral advantages equivalent the minimal expense of utilization. We may likewise think about beneficial proficiency. That will be that yield is created at least conceivable expense. Given that there is no value instrument in the NHS to liken flexibly with request, customers are not dissuaded from utilizing administrations as they face zero money related cost. The principle limitations to get to are shaped through holding up records. In any case, for what reason must they exist by any means? A clever response to this inquiry is given by Buchanan. It is appeared in the accompanying graph:- Figure 2 (Figure taken from Are holding up records inescapable? A Street, S Duckett.) The x pivot speaks to the degree of private wellbeing arrangement. The person with spending imperative AB and lack of interest bend I2 will buy OQ1 social insurance. Given the presentation of a NHS, the x hub should now speak to the degree of social human services arrangement. Accepting that the individual exchanges to general human services, he presently needs to buy medicinal services for other people (as per the duty framework) as opposed to the past, private framework in which he was just worried about himself and his family. This will change his lack of concern bend, I2-I2 , and less medicinal services will be requested, OQ2. If so over the market, the outcome of general human services is that there will be a littler total use on medicinal services when contrasted with a private social insurance framework. Notwithstanding these issues, there will likewise be an expansion sought after. In the NHS there are no client charges, as clarified prior. The customer of general medicinal services will in this way expend up until where the minor utility of human services is zero. This will bring about the ideal asset request being OQ3. This limitation in flexibly and extension of interest drives Buchanan to recommend that holding up records are endemic to the (NHS) framework. Since most potential patients can't manage the cost of private wellbeing arrangement, they have a straightforward choice, be dealt with (and pause) or not be dealt with. Thusly, expecting that society is normal, the forthcoming patient will hold up until he beat the rundown to get treated. This infers the Pareto proficient result in a solitary market doesn't exist here and that holding up records do recommend that the NHS is wasteful. The minimal patient isn't the patient that likens his negligible expense of holding up with the peripheral advantage of treatment, however the patient that sees any advantage at all from the treatment that he will get sometime not too far off. This proposes as long as the interest bend is unaltered, the potential purchaser surplus from inpatient treatment isn't dispersed by the sit tight for treatment.2 Another motivation behind why long holding up records are wasteful is that as the holding up time expands, assets are designated away from treatment towards regulatory expenses. This infers as holding up times increment the administration shows diminishing comes back to scale rendering the nature of administration littler. In a perfect world, the clinic should intend to assign its spending plan to where it is aloof between further3 expanding confirmations and peripheral hold up decrease. A huge motivation behind why this difficult continues is that frequently, emergency clinic directors refer to expanding holding up records while arranging the medical clinics financial plan with the administration. In such circumstances previously, the legislature has shown a positive eagerness to pay in response to expanding holding up records, and thus emergency clinics havent given an extraordinary enough weight to lessening records, yet rather to expanding affirmations. It may anyway be unreasonable to pass judgment on the NHSs level of effectiveness on its holding up list levels. Right off the bat, the facts might confirm that where there are regions that show a high extent of individuals that are secretly protected, campaigning for shorter holding up records would diminish and this could prompt a positive connection between's private protection and holding up records. In any case, for what reason may this be? Perhaps the best issue with the NHS is that of Supplier Induced Demand (SID). Regarding social insurance this alludes to the degree to which a specialist gives or suggests the arrangement of clinical administrations that contrasts from what the patient would have picked in the event that they had a similar data and information accessible as the specialist. Would a patient, for instance, have surrendered an evening in the working environment on the off chance that they had known on referral that the particular treatment for a confounded infection was a mortar to the toe? This thought falls in accordance with the way that numerous compensation frameworks are planned so the specialist gets a more noteworthy pay when they give a more prominent measure of administrations to every patient. This is borne out by an examination by Krasnik et al (1990) who found that after GPs in Copenhagen had their compensation techniques changed to an expense for-administration premise, their action expanded until they accomplished their objective salaries at which stage action fell, proposing SID. Might it be the situation that holding up records simply mirror the covetousness of GPs and the unreasonable motivations offered to medical clinic chiefs, as opposed to the real wastefulness of the NHS? For certain holding up patients, it is apparent that inpatient treatment is required now, or not in any manner. A hold up of any length will be of no assistance by any means. In the present NHS, need is given to these patients. In the UK, holding up records will in general develop for defer capable cases5 In regard of this, holding up records may just speak to a load of work for specialists, guaranteeing that their rare and gifted assets are used in the right cases. It is additionally contended by Cullis and Jones that a hanging tight rundown takes into consideration a parity of instances of varying nature and unpredictability, encouraging the showing capacity of numerous clinics. Considering these two focuses it might be contended that holding up records ideally utilize the rare assets introduced to them, inferring that holding up records may really encourage productivity. There is no uncertainty that expanding holding up records are more than liable to demonstrate a terrible showing as far as monetary effectiveness. Somewhere in the range of 1997 and 2002, use on general wellbeing developed altogether by over half. Simultaneously, holding up records just fell by 15%, proposing that there is an enormous misallocation of assets all through the NHS and an unfortunate degree of effectiveness. That is on the off chance that we are hoping to holding up records as the key pointer of NHS execution. The weighting given to this zone of NHS execution appears to be unreasonable and misguided. It is my conclusion that a sensible holding up list really offers ascend to a productive assignment of assets in a framework that can't normally do as such through the value instrument. Without a doubt records can turn out to be unhelpfully enormous. In these cases I would contend that changes, for example, purchaser agreements could be effectively be actualized that would k eep records from getting too huge through the unreasonable impetuses gave by the administration to utilize holding up records as a haggling apparatus.

Navajo Nation Mini Documentary Day Seven

Navajo Nation Mini Documentary Day Seven If you have been following my mini-series about my study abroad trip to Kayenta Middle School, this is my second of three posts. My intentions were to make one post per day, but a lack of internet connection and a crazy busy schedule got in the way. Aside from teaching in Kayenta, we spent a few days hiking and sightseeing in Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. We completed a 10-mile hike at Canyonlands National Park, walked along Monument Valley, played in the sand dunes, and made so many memories on our adventures. Photo by Rachel Hernandez My four days at Kayenta Middle School were incredible. I spent the first day observing my co-operative teacher, Mr. Placke. He was everything I hope to become as an educator: engaging, humorous, and intelligent. The students were learning about slavery in America and triangular trading. On the second day, the students worked on a book assignment, and I had the opportunity to work one-on-one with a few students, guiding them through each question. This was the first time I had interacted with students in a classroom, and it went much better than I expected. On the third day, I had the chance to lead the class introduction, which was a bit intimidating at first, but Mr. Placke guided me though. On the last day, the students taught me about their Navajo culture, traditions, and games. It was so fascinating to see the students becoming our teachers for a bit, sharing knowledge about their own way of life. Photo by Rachel Hernandez My four days in Kayenta flew by, but the knowledge and experience I will take away will stay with me forever. I could spend post after post reflecting about my experience, but I will keep it short and simple; if you have the opportunity to do a study abroad trip of any length to any location, take advantage of it. Just go! Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

Research in Sociology Essay - 1240 Words

1. If you were the experimenter in charge, would you have done this study? Would you have terminated it earlier? Would you have conducted a follow-up study? Why or why not? If I were the experimenter in charge, I would not have done this study. While the initial question posed in both cases is intriguing, (if given specific orders, would a person follow them when under normal circumstances they would not) it is not a humane experiment. All of the people in this study could have potential lasting emotional and/or physical scars that may never heal. For instance, when Prisoner 8612 â€Å"began suffering from an acute emotional disturbance, disorganized thinking, uncontrollable crying, and rage† after only 36 hours into the experiment. How can†¦show more content†¦Just like one of the guards states in the video, â€Å"†¦I was shocked, dismayed even†¦that I could act in a manner so absolutely unaccustomed to anything I would ever really dream of doing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  3. If you were a prisoner, would you have been able to endure the experience? What would you have done differently than the actual subjects did? For instance, if you were imprisoned in a real prison for five years or more, could you take it? No if I were a prisoner I do not think I would have been able to endure the experience. The level of psychological assault on the mind is too much for almost any person to bear. There are of course exceptions to this rule, like the prisoner they called â€Å"Sarge† because he obeyed the guards’ commands with such a precision without question. The slideshow states that similar to Sarge, other prisoners coped with their sentence by being â€Å"good prisoners†, doing what the guards wanted. I think this is the kind of prisoner I would have been. I feel that rebelling and fighting every day would take a greater toll on the mind and body than just abiding by the rules. I think that if I were imprisoned in a real prison for 5 years or more, I would hope that I could survive it by using this strategy, but realistically I think that would only go so far. I think the feelings of powerlessness and frustration would be overpowering. As the slideshow also states, theShow Mor eRelatedA Research Study Of Sociology1708 Words   |  7 Pageshave been looking over groups and societies and observing them for many years. In doing this they were examining individuals of different social classes along with statuses and observing their role in humankind this they labeled as the study of sociology. This evolved into a form of study beginning in the 19th century as scientists began to observe and study differences in social classes among people. The way people communicate together, the way they act, and the way they work together as groupsRead MoreA Research Study On Sociology1381 Words   |  6 PagesSociology is a study that requires detailed scrutiny and exploration. Comparatively, it is as meticulous as science in that it demands that those who aspire to publish a theory research, research, and research again. The same results must be calculated repeatedly and every thought must be correlated and consistent. A sociologist who was remarkably successful at doin g such was George Herbert Mead. It was said of his thoroughness at his death by Professor John Dewey that, â€Å"he threw himself completelyRead MoreSociology Research Paper3534 Words   |  15 PagesImmigration and the Economy i Immigration and the Economy i How and Does Immigration Affect the American Economy? A Review of the Literature Joshua Kashani, Ahmad Khalil, JD Lindayag, Francis Ignacio Sociology 4 Professor Hoshiar October 3, 2012 Immigration and the Economy ii Immigration and the Economy ii Does Immigration Affect the U.S Economy? 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It presents facts and statistics or our current adoption system and suggests ways on which to fix it. Adoption I decided on adoption as my topic because it’s a topic that’s very close to me. Being adopted, this researchRead MoreResearch Methods in Context Sociology as949 Words   |  4 Pagesfeel they can trust the researcher. However this can also be a weakness. As the researcher becomes drawn into seeing things from a teachers perspective they may become blind to insights that would otherwise become available. This would result in the research being biased. Another strength of using participant observation is that it allows the researcher to obtain more ‘truthful data’. When using questionnaires or interviews it easy for participants to lie. However, if the researcher is part of theRead MoreSociology Research into Father-Daughter Relationships Essay2188 Words   |  9 PagesStatement of the Problem: Research over the years has emphasized the role family has upon children within a family system. The role a mother plays for her children has been researched continuously for decades, often neglecting the impact of the father. With this lack of knowledge surrounding a fathers paternal responsibilities and implications as a nurturer, it is important to examine the consequences of their actions on their childrens future. Recently, research has begun to include the fathersRead MoreSuppose Your Sociology Instructor Has Asked You to Do a Study of Homelessness. Which Research Technique (Survey, Observation, Experiment, Existing Sources) Would You Find the Most Useful? How Would You Use That Technique to Complete Your Assignment?778 Words   |  4 PagesSuppose your sociology instructor has asked you to do a study of homelessness. Which research technique (survey, observation, experiment, existing sources) would you find the most useful? How would you use that technique to complete your assignment? If my sociology instructor has asked me to do a study of homelessness, I will choose the observation research technique because I think this method is the most useful to me. In definition, observation means collecting information through direct participationRead MoreSociology : How Human Action And Consciousness Shape The Surrounding Of Cultural And Social Culture1734 Words   |  7 PagesZygmunt Bauman once said, â€Å"The task for sociology is to come to the help of the individual. We have to be in service of freedom. It is something we have lost sight of.† This quote means the main purpose of sociology is to help people with our freedom of service, because it is something we as people lost sight of. Sociology can be defined by Dictionary.com, as the science or study of the origin, development, organization, and functioning of human society; the science of the fundamental laws of social

To Helen by Edgar Allen Poe Analysis Essay - 1727 Words

â€Å"Helen, thy beauty is to me Like those Nicean barks of yore That gently, oer a perfumed sea, The weary, way-worn wanderer bore To his own native shore. On desperate seas long wont to roam, Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face, Thy Naiad airs have brought me home To the glory that was Greece, And the grandeur that was Rome. Lo, in yon brilliant window-niche How statue-like I see thee stand, The agate lamp within thy hand, Ah! Psyche, from the regions which Are Holy Land!† By Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"To Helen† by Edgar Allan Poe is a poem about a man speaking about the beauty of a woman both in body – with the potential reference to Helen of Troy – and in spirit – comparing her to the quintessential beauty of Psyche. The†¦show more content†¦Also the mention of â€Å"To the glory that was Greece / And the grandeur that was Rome† Is a rather forward implication that all the possible connotation of Greek and Roman mythology in the poem are correct. The line, â€Å"Thy hyacinth hair,† is not only alliteration once again but it may be referring to another Greek myth. The myth is one in which Apollo takes a lover in the form of a stunning boy called Hyacinthus who is tragically slain in his youth. This again is a metaphor of Helens exquisiteness as Hyacinthus was known for his beauty in Greek mythology. However the comparison can yet again be interpreted in two ways as, although Hyacinthus was viewed as beautiful he also died tragically and at a young age. The poem therefore could also be referring to the fact that beauty is a tragedy as well as a gift – which can then be further supported by the fact that the beautiful woman is/being compared to Helen of Troy who singlehandedly caused the Trojan War because she fell in love. It is more plausible however that the poem is simply comparing the beauty of Helen’s hair to that of Apollo’s lover. This can be deduced as most Greek mythology has tragedy weaved throughout it anyway so any reference to beauty would result in some tragedy or another. â€Å"Thy classic face, / Thy Naiad airs have brought me home† This line refers again toShow MoreRelatedCommon Themes of Edgar Allan Poe3152 Words   |  13 PagesAn Analysis of the Common Themes Found in selected works of Edgar Allan Poe A Research Presented to The faculty of the English Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English IV By March 2010 Acknowledgement The researcher would like to thank the following people who help and give guidance to make this project To the Project adviser and the home room adviser of the researchers, who gave his outmost patience and time to check the drafts and format of eachRead MoreCommon Themes of Edgar Allan Poe3166 Words   |  13 PagesAn Analysis of the Common Themes Found in selected works of Edgar Allan Poe A Research Presented to The faculty of the English Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English IV By March 2010 Acknowledgement The researcher would like to thank the following people who help and give guidance to make this project To the Project adviser and the home room adviser of the researchers, who gave his outmost patience and time to check the drafts and format of each part of this very

The Management Of Talent Management - 1393 Words

INTRODUCTION Our staffing company has lost several placements to competitors recently. This situation raises the need for a system for proper management of Talent in our company. This document looks at various vendor solutions available in the market and does a feature analysis of the salient features of each of them. Vendor 1: Halogen Software Site: www.halogensoftware.com Description: According to their website: Halogen TalentSpace is a cloud-based, comprehensive suite of talent management solutions. The suite includes applications for learning management, performance management, recruitment and job description management, 360-degree feedback, succession planning and compensation management. They also offer industry-specific solutions†¦show more content†¦Halogen Talent Acquisition: †¢ Configurable workflow engine to define own recruitment process †¢ Minimize delays to hire by automatically notifying hiring managers or approvers of pending actions †¢ Create customized requisition template to support existing process or automatically generate a competency-based job requisition from an existing, up-to-date job description †¢ Automate requisition review and approval process †¢ Maintain record of all activity performed on requisition through Applicant Tracking System (ATS) †¢ Publish job listings directly from Halogen Talent Acquisition to your career page †¢ Track candidate referrals †¢ Dashboard to monitor status of job requisitions, candidates, interviews and hiring manager tasks †¢ Source candidates internally using keywords or specific criteria Halogen Job description Builder: †¢ Track and manage job descriptions from central location †¢ Comes with a easily modifiable, set of detailed job description samples created by industry experts †¢ Make job descriptions accessible to entire organization through Job Description repository Halogen Learning: †¢ Schedule and track all types of learning activities including: classroom, seminars and webinars †¢ Create development programs for various roles †¢ View consolidated, detailed information on

Brief Description Of Thomson Organisation Marketing Essay

Question: Analyse methods of determining the size and structure of markets and of segmenting particular markets. (The assignment presentation allows students to achieve this outcome) Evaluate methods of promoting sales at different product types and services and identify the interrelationship to broaden company strategies. (The assignment report allows students to achieve this outcome) Produce a marketing plan for a company given its resources and objectives. (The assignment report allows students to achieve this outcome) Answer: Introduction Thomson Holidays is a UK based travel and tourism organization which is a subsidiary of Touristic Union International or TUI. The company was founded as a part of Thomson Travel Group in 1965 by Roy Thomson. The initial name of the organization was Thomson Tour Operators which was changed into the current name in the year of 1997 (Major and McLeay 2013). In its beginning days, the organization had five operators that are Sky tours, Riviera, Luxitours, Gay tours and the Britannia Airways (Pl and Lecocq 2015). Intense competition among the operators allowed the rival Clarkson Travel Group to become the lead player in the new and rapidly growing holiday market in the UK. However, in the year of 1971 the new managing director of the company Bryan Llewellyn created a whole new board of directors with the travel trade expert Norman Corkhill as the chairman of the company (Bessant 2013). Since then the company slowly but steadily gained their position in the market. The company gained headl ines for the first time when they offered a three and four night holidays in Majorca for only 19 pounds (Major and McLeay 2013). In 1972, the organization acquired Lunn Poly, the largest chain of travel agents in the United Kingdom (Kraut 2013). Thereafter using various strategies, the company slowly became the leader in the tourism industry of UK. This assignment will focus on different strategies of Thomson Holidays and will find out how they could suppress all their rivals. Macro analysis (PESTLE) PESTLE analysis categorizes the environmental factors into six sections which are political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal. Figure 1: PESTLE Analysis (Source: Kraut 2013) Political: Currently, Thomson Holidays is facing several issues due to terrorist attacks that result in tight security and strict immigration laws. Foreign and Commonwealth Office has put some tourist destination on hold because of these terrorist attacks. Therefore, travel insurers are refusing to cover tourists who want to travel to those destinations. Besides, Government toppling and instability is also affecting not only Thomson Holidays, but also other tourism organizations (Kraut 2013). Another major aspect that is affecting Thomson Holidays is different taxation policies in different countries. Economic: Among several economic factors, the exchange rate is such a factor that creates a huge impact on any tourism company. Especially in the current scenario, when the value of Euro is declining the gap with Pound Sterling. This might affect UK in the case of outbound tourism to other European Nations. Besides, the economic condition of UK is severely affected by recession. As a result of economic crisis, most of the tourism companies collapsed (Skripnuk et al. 2015). However, Thomson Holidays managed to survive this hard time and is now expecting a post-recession boom that will give them more market space and consumers to absorb in. Social: Brand consciousness is the most powerful social factor that has cultivated satisfying results of Thompson Holidays. Being a part of TUI group, Thomson Holidays has a rich brand value and has provided better customer services from years. Therefore, they could successfully inject brand loyalty among their customers. Besides, nowadays customers are more concerned about the environment than anything else. A research result conducted by Boston Consultancy group clearly indicates the going green attitude of consumers (Major and McLeay 2014). Thomson Holiday Group could understand this fact and have introduced several effective actions to meet the environmental needs of the consumers. Their actions include brochures and printing, saving of energy and waste and recycling management. As a part of Thomson's safety policy, they strictly follow Group Child Protection Policy and the company dismisses any business relation with any person who is engaged in any form of child exploitation. Technological: Thomson Holidays is empowering their internet and online sales slowly but steadily. As from appendix1, it is clear that most of the UK customers have access to the internet, it is expected that they would like to deal with the organization through the internet. However, in spite of having cost cutting and staff reducing advantages, internet business also possesses threat such as a low barrier to entry and threat of newcomers (Falzon 2012). Besides, advanced technologies such as video conferencing can hurt tourism sector. Television, social networking sites and video games also serve the same purpose of reducing the demand for tourism. Environmental: Tourism organization like Thomson Holidays is suffering because of Air flight rationing rule proposed by the UK Government. Besides, the Government is also campaigning for green holiday locations that can affect Thomson Holidays as they will be forced to cut-off several tourist locations from their lists (Schuckert et al. 2015). Legal: Government across the globe has recommended several rules on Flight Safety and Guidelines that shields national, ecological, healthiness and customer problems and flight permits (Major 2012). Different laws of different countries can also affect Thomson Holidays. Besides, Trade Laws are playing crucial part in their business. Microanalysis Porter's five forces model Porters five forces model will help to find out the bases of rivalry in the travel industry. Five forces model will build a link between competitive services and the key drives in the macro atmosphere. Figure 2: Porters five forces model (Source: Phillips and Moutinho 2014) New entrants: According to Moreno et al. (2015), high capital requirements create barrier to the entry for newcomers. In the UK, more that 70% market share is controlled by top 10 tourism companies and Thomson Holidays works with nearly 30% of the UK compendium holiday market share (Evans 2016). Therefore, chances of new entrants are low. Substitute: Evolution of technology and introduction of several new entertainment options might act as a substitute for tourism industry. Especially in the UK, the entertainment industry is solely responsible for the economic growth of the country. Movies, video games and music are playing enormous roles in human lives (Phillips and Moutinho 2014). From the appendix 2, it is clear that the demand of television is on the higher side in UK. This can work as a substitute and can affect the tourism industry in UK. Suppliers: Suppliers are known to have high negotiation power against companies that have low market share. However, as Thomson Holidays acquires 30% of the market share in the UK tourism industry, there is a power balance between the suppliers and the organization (Dobrivojevi 2013). The suppliers of Thomson Holiday Group have a moderate bargaining power. Buyers: Switching cost is relatively low in the tourism industry in the UK because of the internet and online sales. However, low differentiation of offered products and services and a lesser number of substitutes do not allow the buyers to bargain strongly. Competitive rivalry: Thomson Holidays is the subsidiary of TUI and TUI currently holds 21% market share when Thomas Cook holds 13% (Brouder and Eriksson 2013). A significant 8% difference in market share lessens the competition in the industry. SWOT analysis Figure 3: SWOT analysis model (Source: Babalc 2013) Strengths: Thomson Holidays is the leading tourism organization in the UK and there are some strong supports behind this (Thomson Holidays 2016). Their one the biggest strengths is their vertical integration that allows the organization to spread their business throughout the globe. Thomson Holidays also has a strong multi-channel distribution that is focusing on online sales (Tsitsiloni et al. 2013). Besides, as a result of stable and management friendly shareholders, Thomson Holidays is also offering high quality customer services. Weakness: Being a market leader in the UK tourism industry, Thomson Holiday does not have much of weaknesses. However, the major recession has forced them to reduce the volume of holiday packages. Besides, their assets can only cover 34% of total assets (Babalc 2013). Opportunities: The UK market was hit by recession in recent years (Brewer 2013); however, the country is slowly recovering from recession and industries like tourism is expecting a post-recession boom in coming years. Besides, Thomson Holidays Group is also planning to expand their business in developing markets such as India and China (Lam and McKercher 2013). Joining hands with other tourism companies in those markets can provide them several opportunities to grow their business. Threats: The tendency of customers to switch to rail and bus services for short-haul travels can threaten the tourism organization the UK, including Thomson Holidays Group. Besides, as a result of recession, many companies are mainly focusing on 4-star hotels to provide low-cost packages to the customers (Rahmani et al. 2013). This can affect Thomson Holidays Group as they might lose their customers. SMART Objectives of Thomson Holiday Group Objective Aim Specific The recession in the UK has changed the picture of tourism completely. Consumers are focusing on cheaper options like rail, bus and ferries than airlines; even though these options take more time than other transports. Thomson Holiday's 90% travel options are though airlines (Everett and Slocum 2013). Therefore, their primary objective is to expand its differentiation by providing land transportation. Measurable Fuel price fluctuations are creating major issues in Thomson Holidays. Therefore, they will have to negotiate with the oil companies to stabilize the variations. However, there is a risk of facing revenue loss in the process (Becken and Lennox 2012). Therefore, the authority of Thomson Holidays will have to measure the fuel prices regularly to increase or decrease tourism packages accordingly. Achievable Companies such as lastminute.com and expedia.co.uk made their mark in UKs tourism industry through their online services (Mitrokostas and Apostolakis 2013). Therefore, Thomson Holidays is looking to achieve a strong presence in online services by providing necessary services shortly. Realistic As a result of "Go Green" attitude of the customers, Thomson Holidays is planning to reduce carbon emission problems in their airline's system. However, they have already implemented staffs that are taking care of environmental factors in their organization such as recycling the wastes. Time bound Thomson Holidays is the leading tourism organization in not only the UK but also in Europe. Therefore, they are now taking their time to focus on Asian markets such as India, China and Russia. Besides, they are waiting for a post-recession boom to strengthen their position in European markets. Table 1: SMART analysis of Thomson Holidays UK (Source: Mitrokostas and Apostolakis 2013) Market Segmentation Market segmentation of Thomson Holidays can be understood by defining their geographic segmentations, demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behavioral segmentation. Geographic: From the point of geographic segmentation it can be said that Thomson Holidays is a worldwide travel retailer that provides services to the people from various countries (Petrick and Durko 2013). It has successfully segmented the customers depending on their country, culture, hobbies and interests. Demographic: Thomson Holidays divides its customers into groups based on variables such as age, gender, size of the family and life cycle of family and income. Thomson Holidays, having 1/3 UK market share provides several services among which some suit men and some are favored by women (Skripnuk et al. 2015). Some services are made especially for young people and some are catered for retired people. Psychographic: Thomson Holidays divides its customers into different groups based on their social class, lifestyle and personality characteristics. As a result of the different economic level, people prefer different services and Thomson Holidays does the same (Durasevic 2014). Behavioral: Using this factor of segmentation, Thomson Holidays divides its customers based on their knowledge, attitudes and responses to a product. Some customers love to travel in the metropolis for shopping while others would like to have rest in the countryside. Therefore, the organization has projected travel different routes for different people. Targeting Thomson Holidays mainly targets wealthier and older empty-nester customers. However, it does not mean that the organization does not focus on middle-class families. Using innovation and service delivery, the company is planning to provide more targeted holidays with exclusive additional add-ons (Datta et al. 2015). Thomson Holidays is all set to target non-British customers as they are ready to feature destinations including Malaysia, Vietnam, Argentina, South Africa, Hawaii and Bali. Pricing: Thomson Holidays is increasing its unique combination of aircraft seats and hotel beds with an automated pricing system. The application can automatically adjust holiday prices to make sure that uses all available flights and hotel capacity. The system can also increase prices where the demand is high and decrease prices where demand is low (Bilotkach et al. 2015). Recently the company has announced that there will be no additional discount while booking tickets from the companys online site (RahmaniSeryasat et al. 2013). Marketing Mix (7Ps) Figure 4: 7Ps of marketing mix (Source: Khan 2014) Place: Thomson Holidays has placed them as a leading tourism organization in the UK. They are considered as the leading retailer in tourism industry not only in the UK but also in Europe. Besides local routes for traveling, the organization also provides hundreds of international routes (Durna et al. 2015). They are also planning to introduce Asian location such as India, China and Russia in their tour packages. Price: Market penetration strategy of Thomson Holidays is very simple. Using their automated pricing system, the company uses low pricing strategy to the countries where demand is low and high pricing strategy where demand is high. Besides, they also understood that discounts to the customers who buy tickets online could cost them their offline customers (Skripnuk et al. 2015). Therefore, they have recently announced that prices will be same while buying travel packages from online or offline stores. Promotion: Thomson Holidays uses various methods to promote itself which are the advertisement, personal selling, sales promotion, direct marketing and public relation. Via television, radio, newspapers, magazines, billboard and social networks, Thomson Holidays communicates with its potential customers. Appendix 3 shows an example of Thomson Holidays advertisement in their magazine. People: People refer to the customers, employees, management and normal people who are involved as Thomson Tour operators. The authority of the company understands that customers are the most important asset of their business. Therefore, they always take care of their customers. Their employee's system is also unique as the employees can leave anytime they want. As of 2014, Thomson Holidays had 100,000 employees in their organization (Thomson Holidays 2016). Each employee of the organization receives proper training, job rotation, job enrichment and motivation. Physical evidence: Physical evidence of Thomson Holidays is one of the most important parts of Thomson tour operator. It includes furnishers, lighting and air condition. In one word its all about organizations decoration (Skripnuk et al. 2015). From appendix four it is clear that company has provided beautiful decoration to their offline stores as they understand that physical evidence helps to acquire customer impression and the first impression is always the last impression. Process: The process of an organization helps to provide superior services to its customers. Thomson Holidays allows high-speed internet for providing quick and first class services to its customers. Besides, due to a good process strategy, communication between their each branch and existing customer is also satisfying. Product: Thomson Holidays is a travel and tourism company that provides charter and schedules passenger airlines, package holidays, cruise lines and hotels and resorts to its customers. Conclusion In the conclusion, it can be said that each strategy used by Thomson Holidays has helped them to acquire the leading market position in the UK and in Europe. Market segmentation, pricing strategies, promotional strategies and all other different methods used by the authorities of Thomson Holidays has cultivated productive results for the company. The organization never put a foot wrong and always did the right thing. Especially their market segmentation strategy by which they have successfully divided their huge customer base is quite impressive. As a result of these strategies the company has more strengths and opportunities than weaknesses and threats. The company is so firmly placed in their home market that it is now planning to expand in new but unstable Asian markets. References Babalc, C.C., 2013. Objectives For A Competitive Market Advantage. Business Excellence and Management, 3(1), pp.65-70. Becken, S. and Lennox, J., 2012.Implications of a long-term increase in oil prices for tourism.Tourism Management, 33(1), pp.133-142. Bessant, J., 2013. Innovation in the twenty-first century.Responsible innovation. Managing the responsible emergence of science and innovation in society, pp.1-26. Bilotkach, V., Gaggero, A.A. and Piga, C.A., 2015. Airline pricing under different market conditions: Evidence from European Low-Cost Carriers. Tourism Management, 47, pp.152-163. Brewer, M., Browne, J., Hood, A., Joyce, R. and Sibieta, L., 2013. The Short and Medium Term Impacts of the Recession on the UK Income Distribution*.Fiscal Studies,34(2), pp.179-201. Brouder, P. and Eriksson, R.H., 2013. Tourism evolution: On the synergies of tourism studies and evolutionary economic geography. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, pp.370-389. Datta, H., Foubert, B. and Van Heerde, H.J., 2015. The challenge of retaining customers acquired with free trials. Journal of Marketing Research, 52(2), pp.217-234. Dobrivojevi, G., 2013. Analysis of the Competitive Environment of Tourist Destinations Aiming at Attracting FDI by Applying Porters Five Forces Model.British Journal of Economics, Management Trade, 3(4), pp.359-371. Durasevic, S., 2014.Thematic tourism as an important segment in the business of modern tour operators.Turisti koposlovanje, (13), pp.109-117. Durna, U., Dedeoglu, B.B. and Balikioglu, S., 2015. The role of servicescape and image perceptions of customers on behavioral intentions in the hotel industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(7), pp.1728-1748. Evans, N.G., 2016. Sustainable competitive advantage in tourism organizations: A strategic model applying service dominant logic and tourism's defining characteristics. Tourism Management Perspectives, 18, pp.14-25. Everett, S. and Slocum, S.L., 2013. Food and tourism: an effective partnership? A UK-based review.Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), pp.789-809. Falzon, J., 2012. The price competitive position of Mediterranean countries in tourism: Evidence from the Thomson brochure. Tourism Management, 33(5), pp.1080-1092. Khan, M.T., 2014.The concept of'marketingmix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper).International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 6(2), p.95. Kraut, R., 2013.Replies to Stroud, Thomson, and Crisp.Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 87(2), pp.483-501. Lam, C. and McKercher, B., 2013. The tourism data gap: The utility of official tourism information for the hospitality and tourism industry. Tourism Management Perspectives, 6, pp.82-94. Major, B. and McLeay, F., 2013. Alive and kicking Evaluating the overseas package holiday experience of grey consumers in the United Kingdom. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 19(1), pp.5-18. Major, B. and McLeay, F., 2014. 15 The UK greymarkets holiday experience. Contemporary Tourist Experience: Concepts and Consequences, 27, p.255. Major, B., 2012. The UK'grey'Market Overseas Package Holiday Experience: A Critical Evaluation of Consumer and Management Perspectives (Doctoral dissertation, Northumbria University). Mitrokostas, E. and Apostolakis, A., 2013. Research note: Strategic corporate social responsibility and competition in the tourism industrya theoretical approach. Tourism Economics, 19(4), pp.967-975. Moreno, L., Ramon, A. and Pedreo, A., 2015. The Development of Low-cost Airlines and Tourism as a Competitiveness Complementor: Effects, Evolution and Strategies. Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, 3(4), pp.262-274. Petrick, J.F. and Durko, A.M., 2015. Segmenting Luxury Cruise Tourists Based on Their Motivations. Tourism in Marine Environments, 10(3-4), pp.149-157. Phillips, P. and Moutinho, L., 2014. Critical review of strategic planning research in hospitality and tourism.Annals of Tourism Research, 48, pp.96-120. Pl, L. and Lecocq, X., 2015. Customers as creative resources: their influence on firm freedom. Journal of Business Strategy, 36(4), pp.11-22. RahmaniSeryasat, M., Hajari, B., Karimian, T. and Hajilo, M., 2013. Rural tourism development strategies using SWOT analysis: Case study. Life Science Journal, 10(4), pp.395-403. Schuckert, M., Liu, X. and Law, R., 2015. Hospitality and tourism online reviews: Recent trends and future directions. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 32(5), pp.608-621. Skripnuk, D., Kikkas, K. and Didenko, N., 2015. Trend Analysis Of The International Tourist Services Market. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 193, pp.873-883. Thomson Holidays, 2016.Thomson | Holidays designed for you. Only from Thomson. [online] Thomson Holidays. Available at: https://www.thomson.co.uk/ [Accessed 27 Mar. 2016]. Tsitsiloni, M., Grigoroudis, E. and Zopounidis, C., 2013. Service quality evaluation in the tourism industry: A SWOT analysis approach. In Optimization Theory, Decision Making, and Operations Research Applications (pp. 249-266).Springer New York.

Music Genres free essay sample

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions: 1 . ) Did a specific genre affect the students academic performance? 2. ) What are the effects on the student? A. ) Grades b. ) Behavior C. Objectives The objective of this study is to determine whether music genres affect a students academic performance. Specifically, the study aims the following: 1. ) To test if music genres affect the academic performance of students. 2. ) To know what music genre best affects the students. D. Hypothesis These specific theoretical statements were provided as basis for the procedures of he investigatory project: 1 . There is a significant difference on the effects of different music genres to the students academic performance. 2. ) There is no significant difference on the effects of different music genres to the students academic performance. E. Scope and Limitation This study was conducted in First City Providential College. The study was focused on if the music genres a student listen to will affect his/her academic performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Genres or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page F. Significance of the Study This study is focused on if the music genres a student listen to will affect his/her academic performance.If proven to have an effect, this could help students to improve their academic performance by listening to the right music genre. G. Related Literature GIG. Music Genre A music genre is a conventional category that identifies pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions. It is to be distinguished from musical form and musical style, although in practice these terms are sometimes used interchangeably. GIG . A. Alternative Rock Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the sass and became widely popular by the sass. GIG . . Classical Music Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music (both liturgical and secular). It encompasses a broad period from roughly the 1 lath century to the present day. GIG . D. Hip hop Hip hop is a broad conglomerate of artistic forms that originated within a the sass in New York City. GIG . E. K-pop K-pop is a musical genre originating in South Korea that is characterized by a wide variety of audio visual elements. GIG . F. Pop Music Pop Music is a genre of popular music which originated in its modern form in the sass, deriving from rock and roll. GIG . G.Rock Music Musically, rock has centered on the electric guitar, usually as part of a rock group with bass guitar and drums. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature utilizing a verse-chorus form, but the genre has become extremely diverse and common musical characteristics are difficult to define. Like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. The dominance of rock by white, male musicians has been seen as one of the key factors shaping the hems explored in rock music. Rock places a higher degree of emphasis on musicianship, live performance, and an ideology of authenticity than pop music. H. Related Studies It is quite easy to see exactly how strong the power of music is and will become in the future. There have been many studies proven this. For example, a study shows that students who studied music in high school made better grades than those who did not. The reasoning for this is that listening to music makes you think more efficiently and improves your memory.

Free Essays on Police Brutality

Reality television shows that focus on extreme plastic surgery makeovers are broadcasting if you don’t like something about your physical appearance you can change it. These television shows have helped plastic surgery to become more common. Plastic surgeries were first considered for the rich only because they were so expensive. But now plastic surgery can be afforded by most anyone. I’m interested in this topic because I feel like my generation is all about physical appearance. I am also interested in this topic because I believe my generation is going to be the first to never grow old, since all these surgeries are becoming so easily accessible. But is this acceptable? Is elective cosmetic plastic surgery self-mutilation? Most people see nothing wrong with plastic surgery because it is now so common. Many people think that plastic surgery is no different than make up, tanning or hair dying because they are all items that change one’s appearance. O, The Oprah Magazine claims there are five things a person must understand before considering plastic surgery. First off, the patient must be clear about what they are looking to change about themselves. Secondly, the patient should have an â€Å"otherwise happy life†. Thirdly, the patient should be doing it for the right reason. Fourthly, the patient should be in good health. And finally the patient should have confidence in her procedure. (O, The Oprah Magazine 3-4). If all the above are true then the patient should have a successful surgery and be happy with the outcome. The dictionary definition of self-mutilation is the injury or disfigurement of oneself, to make imperfect by excising or altering parts. Plastic surgery is self-mutilation because it is the altering of the body. Surgery altering includes cutting, removing, and implanting unnatural objects into the body. On top of mutilation, all surgeries carry risks of strokes, blood clots, and death from anesthesia. Jus... Free Essays on Police Brutality Free Essays on Police Brutality Reality television shows that focus on extreme plastic surgery makeovers are broadcasting if you don’t like something about your physical appearance you can change it. These television shows have helped plastic surgery to become more common. Plastic surgeries were first considered for the rich only because they were so expensive. But now plastic surgery can be afforded by most anyone. I’m interested in this topic because I feel like my generation is all about physical appearance. I am also interested in this topic because I believe my generation is going to be the first to never grow old, since all these surgeries are becoming so easily accessible. But is this acceptable? Is elective cosmetic plastic surgery self-mutilation? Most people see nothing wrong with plastic surgery because it is now so common. Many people think that plastic surgery is no different than make up, tanning or hair dying because they are all items that change one’s appearance. O, The Oprah Magazine claims there are five things a person must understand before considering plastic surgery. First off, the patient must be clear about what they are looking to change about themselves. Secondly, the patient should have an â€Å"otherwise happy life†. Thirdly, the patient should be doing it for the right reason. Fourthly, the patient should be in good health. And finally the patient should have confidence in her procedure. (O, The Oprah Magazine 3-4). If all the above are true then the patient should have a successful surgery and be happy with the outcome. The dictionary definition of self-mutilation is the injury or disfigurement of oneself, to make imperfect by excising or altering parts. Plastic surgery is self-mutilation because it is the altering of the body. Surgery altering includes cutting, removing, and implanting unnatural objects into the body. On top of mutilation, all surgeries carry risks of strokes, blood clots, and death from anesthesia. Jus... Free Essays on Police Brutality Everyone's Problem: Police Brutality and Race, by Tom Gregg This will discuss whether the police system in the New York City area is corrupt and/or racist. POLICE CORRUPTION I grew up in the Midwest, respecting the police as the "good guys" heroic fighters of badness, upholders of justice who ought to be obeyed. Now, living in the New York City area, I read and hear about a different type of cop. Here, cops, singly or in conspiracy, are repeatedly caught helping drug dealers in exchange for money or drugs. In Philadelphia recently 5 police officers were found to have kept a stash of drugs from which they withdrew drugs to plant evidence on people. A detective in one New Jersey police department claims that after a certain store was robbed, several police officers looted the store, justifying their actions with the thought that the storeowner's insurance would pay for the stolen goods; and cops who didn't participate in the looting were ostracized. In another New Jersey community it is claimed that the police are currently taking bribes from drug dealers. In Newark, NJ, an officer who came forward with allegations of an operating police extortion ring is being penalized for his honesty. Police in some big cities have been likened to street gangs, and a friend of mine goes so far as to say that they are criminals and should not be trusted; my friend will not call the police when she has a problem, for fear that the police will use the opportunity to "case" her house, and then inform criminals of her valuables. POLICE BRUTALITY Recently in New York City, there have been about 500 police brutality reports per month, though killings of cops in the line of duty have been halved over the last 30 years. Item: in East Orange, New Jersey, a man drives a car into a driveway. The owner of the house requests that he leave, but there is oncoming traffic, so the driver waits. A police officer comes out of the house and fatally shoo... Free Essays on Police Brutality Racism and police brutality goes hand in hand. It also causes a major concern in today's society in the United States. On March 3, 1991, in California, Rodney King an African American, was pulled over after a high-speed chase. He was then stopped and beaten by four white police officers (Worsnop 635). Tracy Brock also an African American was arrested in Manhattan in November of 1986. An officer smashed his head through a plate glass window, when Brock refused to go into the officer’s lunchroom (Police Brutality and Excessive Force in the New York City Police Department 14). Ki Tae Kim a Korean grocer was assaulted when he was accused of passing a counterfeit bill. He was punched in the face, his head was slammed into the counter, and the officer also subjected him to racial slurs (Police Brutality and Excessive Force in the New York City Police Department 17). Marcos Maldonado a Latino grocer was mistaken for a suspect after an armed robbery to his store. He was handcuffed , thrown to the floor, repeatedly kicked, and beaten with the officer’s nightstick (Police Brutality and Excessive Force in the New York City Police Department 17). Abner Louima a Haitian immigrant was arrested outside a dance club in Brooklyn, and was brutally assaulted when he arrived at the police station. Volpe a long time police officer was accused of shoving a plunger into Louima's rectum so far that his bladder and intestines were lacerated. Then he shoved the plunger into Louima's mouth and broke his teeth (Steinback 8). These are just a few examples of the people who were affected of police brutality, and racism. There are five stages through which force can progress and lead to brutality: Verbal persuasion, unarmed physical force, force using non-lethal weapons, force using impact weapons and deadly force, which most of the officers mentioned before fell into this stage. The deadly force stage is only to be used only when an officer’s life or anothe... Free Essays on Police Brutality Police work is dangerous. Sometimes police put in situations that excessive force is needed. But, because some officers use these extreme measures in situations when it is not, police brutality should be addressed. The use of excessive force may or may not be large problem, but it should be looked into by both the police and the public. For those people who feel racism is not a factor in causing the use of excessive force, here is a startling fact. In Tampa Bay, Florida, five men died while in the custody of the Tampa Bay police Department (C.C. 27). The thing is, the Tampa Bay Police Department is made up of mostly white officers, but of the five men who died, none where white. Four of the five men that died where African Americans, and the other man was a Mexican National. If the incident in Tampa Bay does not show a person racism, this event between 1986 to 1989, but in 1990, that number increased greatly. In that year, twenty-three Latin Americans were killed by police gunfire. When asked how he felt about racism being involved in police brutality, Yussuf Naimkly of the University of Regina commented: â€Å"Excessive police force against blacks has always been tolerated, because as a formally enslaved minority African Americans are trapped in a cultural context specifically designed to inhibit their development and thus minimize their threat to white hegemony† (C.C. 72) Executive Director of Police Misconduct Lawyers Referral Service Karol Heppe commented, â€Å"Brutality against minorities is a daily occurrence in Los Angeles,† she says. â€Å"The difference this time is someone videotaped it (C.C. 36). Another shocking incident of police brutality occurred in Reynoldsberg, Ohio. A group of offices named themselves â€Å"S.N.A.T.† squad. This acronym stood for â€Å"Special Nigger Arrest Team† and they made it a point to harass African Americans whenever. â€Å"The number of people killed by police has gone down from... Free Essays on Police Brutality Police Abuse In recent years, police actions, particularly police abuse, has come into view of a wide, public and critical eye. While citizens worry about protecting themselves from criminals, it has now been shown that they must also keep a watchful eye on those who are supposed to protect and serve. This paper will discuss the types of police abuse prevalent today, including the use of firearms and receipt of private information. I will also discuss what and how citizens' rights are taken advantage of by police. For these problems, solutions will be discussed, focusing on political reform, education, and citizen review boards. These measures are necessary to protect ourselves from police taking advantage of their positions as law enforcement officers with greater permissive rights than private citizens. Because of this significant differential, all citizens must take affirmative action from physical brutality, ri ghts violations, and information abuse. Problems arise, however, when one side is told what to do by another, as there is bound to be conflicting viewpoints. In regard to police abuse, there will be many officers who feel that their job of fighting escalating street crime, gangs, narcotics violations, and other violent crimes is difficult already, and that worrying about excessive policy for abusive behavior will only further decrease their ability to fight crime effectively, efficiently, and safely. Citizens, however, have been caught up in this gung-ho attitude, and police are more and more often crossing the line of investigation and interrogation with abusive behavior. This abuse must be monitored so that police do not forget who they are servingnot themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, particularly, civil rights. All citizens must be aware of these rights to protect themselve...

How the eye is suited for the purpose of converting visible light into Essay - 1

How the eye is suited for the purpose of converting visible light into neural activity and how visual information is then conveyed to the visual cortex - Essay Example The paper will also highlight some of the challenges the eye faces while it performs its functions. The eye’s first adaptation to its interaction with light is referred to as the papillary light reflex. When responding to different levels of light, the rods and cons work independently but back up each other. This modus operandi espouses the eye’s adaptation to dark light.. While the rods are sensitive to light, they have the tendency to take a significant amount of time to adapt to darkness, in this case the rhodopsin, situated in the photoreceptors take full charge through photo bleaching. On the other hand, the regulation of the eye’s sensitivity eye’ s to light is espoused by the changes in the intracellular calcium ions. In order to adapt to light, the eye first adapts to the background so that it is capable of detecting and distinguishing the background objects; the entire process of adaption to light takes a period of approximately five minutes Whenever light is reflected on a surface or remitted from an object, the eye detects the light that first encounters the cornea; from here, it is then focussed to the lens. The lens in turn functions to vary the focus depending on the distance that exists between the eye and the object. The focal adjustment of the light by the lens is called accommodation. The lens alters its shape depending on the distance of the object; for objects that are distant, it elongates, flattens and pulls out whereas for objects that are close by, it only needs to assume its natural round shape for clear vision. The light first passes through the space between the cornea and the lens that is filled with fluid called aqueous humour. It consequently goes through the t pupil ‘s circular aperture that is surrounded by the iris diaphragm muscles prior to going through the lens (Jones, et al 2004). However, the quantity of light that passes through the pupil is determined by the pupil’s diameter a nd still goes ahead to be

Organisation behaviour--business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organisation behaviour--business - Essay Example Emotional intelligence is such factor; emotional intelligence (EI) can be characterized as a quite complex framework, incorporating many different elements, as indicatively presented in Graph 1, Appendix. The relation between the EI and the employee performance is critically discussed in this paper. The theories and the empirical studies that have been developed in the specific field have been used in order to explore whether EI is related and at what level to the employee performance. It is revealed that EI has a key role in the increase of employee performance, but this role is likely to be perceived differently in organizations with different structure and culture. In any case, EI and employee performance are closely related being depended on one another using different paths and methods of interaction, as explained in the studies presented below. 2. Emotional intelligence and employee performance – presentation and analysis of their relation In accordance with Sala, Druska t and Mount (2006) emotional intelligence (EI) can directly affect the employee performance in the following way: employees are expected to interpret differently their leader’s decisions. ... The above problem becomes more critical because of the following fact: employee intelligence of employees cannot be controlled by the leader of the organization; on the contrary, employee intelligence is related to the background, knowledge and personal experiences reflecting the freedom of employees to develop their own views as members of the organization. In other words, the control of employee intelligence within a particular organization would be in opposition to morals and ethics. Moreover, the actual views of employees on one or more organizational issues are quite difficult to be retrieved; from this point of view, employee intelligence in the organization cannot be controlled because of its nature, being involved in personal thoughts, cognitive capabilities and emotions. The above conditions do not affect the importance of EI in the workplace. In fact, EI is closely related to job performance, as noted by many theorists who studied the particular field. At a first level,â₠¬â„¢ a positive relation has been identified between the job performance and the emotion recognition accuracy’ (Elfenbein, Marsh and Ambady 2002, in Sala, Druskat and Mount, 2006, 168). Another aspect of emotional intelligence is presented in the emotional intelligence model of Tao de Haas (2005, see Graph 2, Appendix). In the specific model it is made clear that EI is based on empathy – the ability to identify/understand the feelings of others; it is on this psychological characteristic that the responses of the employee in the workplace are based; in any case, a high level of EI would require an excellent ability to understand and manage the personal

Cyber Warfare: the Future of War

Cyber Warfare: the Future of War CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Karl von Clausewitz defined war as an act of violence intended to compel our opponent to fulfill our will In order to attain this object fully, the enemy must be disarmed, and disarmament becomes therefore the immediate object of hostilities. At the end of the second millennium, this classification no longer describes the full spectrum of modern warfare. In the future, we will have the prospective to make war without the use of violence and fulfill the second half of von Clausewitzs definition-with software alone. Todays software intensive systems make this probable. Cyber describes systems that use mechanical or electronic systems to swap human control. Cyber warfare can be executed without violence and therefore the reliance on software intensive systems-cyber systems-can make nations exposed to warfare without violence. What is Cyber? Terms with cyber used as prefix are currently in vogue not only among some visionaries and technologists seeking new concepts, but even by the man in the street, and each has its own connotation. The term cyber is from Greek root kybernan, meaning to steer or govern and a related word Kybernetes, meaning pilot, governor, and/ or helmsman. Norbert Weiner first introduced the prefix in the 1940s in his classic works creating the field of cybernetics (which is related to cybrenetique, an older French word meaning the art of government). Cyber, in fact has been the most acceptable term due to the reason that it bridges the gap between information and governance, the two inseparable facets of control. The prefix therefore, is freely used in the following: Cyberspace. Originally coined by William Gibson in his science fiction novel Neuromancer, published in 1984, and defines it as that position within the computer where electronic activity / communication takes place. He further describes it as a place of unthinkable complexity. The term has given rise to a vocabulary of cyberterms such as cybercafes (cafes that sell coffee and computer time), cybermalls (online shopping services) and cyberjunkies (people addicted to being online). Cybernetics. It is the science of communication and control, which interfaces a monitor (human brain or an electronic machine) to other parts of a system. The function being, to compare what is happening in the system, to what should have happened and then draw the difference, which is passed on to the control system for rectification (feedback). It applies equally to organisations, machines and organisms. Cybernetics is also used to describe a general analytical approach to control, communication and other system technologies and attempts to link engineering disciplines with the related work of social scientists through the unifying threads of feedback in its most general aspects and through its interest in transfer of information. Cyberwar. A RAND Corporation synonym for information warfare, it is also sometime called netwar. Another school considers it as knowledge related conflict at the military level. However, Denis Quigley comes close by designating it as control warfare or leitenkreig in German. Cyberwar will be discussed more in detail later in the Study. Cybernation. Loosely used, it implies digitisation of various systems of an arrangement/organisation or super systems, where electronics links humans to machines, thereby immensly amplifying the human capabilities. It, in its most basic form, would indicate electronic automated management of information and knowledge. Cyber warfare (CW). It is a relatively new addition to the glossary of warfare. With the escalating use of computers in military and government, there has been a growing awareness of both a new susceptibility in national infrastructure and a new method of attacking ones enemies. There is the potential of using information systems to protect, control or attack information networks. CW could mean winning wars without firing shots, the shutting down of entire national infrastructures at the push of a button, and the complete exploitation or destruction of an enemys communication networks. It could mean threats from across the world by states with no ability to launch a conventional attack, or attacks by non-state actors using cheap laptops. There has also been talk of super-viruses shutting down nations, and how a disgruntled individual or small group could wage a war on a nation. CW is the new wonder weapon, and the new unknown threat. However, the concept of CW, and the technology on which it relies, is beset by vague depictions of the dangers it presents, or the benefits it offers. CW is conceptualised by security expert Amit Yoran, cyber-security chief at the US Department of Homeland Security and vice president of computer corporation Symantec, as the future primary theatre of operations. There is a consensus that CW is something noteworthy, but it is not clear if this consensus extends to a common understanding of what CW actually is. It is so new that there is no standard definition to describe it. This leads to one of the most frequent confusions regarding cyber warfare: its relation to Information Warfare (IW). IW is not unproblematic in definition, but can be understood as the offensive and defensive use of information and information systems to deny, exploit, corrupt, or destroy, an adversarys information, information-based processes, information systems, and computer-based networks while protecting ones own. While IW covers the territory of cyber warfare, it also covers a much broader mandate. Electronic (cyber) communication is only one aspect of IW, which includes all information operations in a conflict. Chinese strategist Sun Tzu and Napoleonic strategist Carl von Clausewitz referred to information operations, and the importance of such operations in war. IW predates electronic communication, and is not interchangeable with cyber warfare for this reason. CW involves units organized along nation-state boundaries, in offensive and defensive operations, using computers to attack other computers or networks through electronic means. Hackers and other individuals trained in software programming and exploiting the intricacies of computer networks are the primary executors of these attacks. These individuals often operate under the auspices and possibly the support of nation-state actors. In the future, if not already common practice, individual cyber warfare units will execute attacks against targets in a cooperative and simultaneous manner. Analyzing the Threat. In 2007, a denial-of-service attack was launched every 53 minutes. The 2007 FBI/Computer Security Institute study indicated that loss of revenue attributed to DDoS (dedicated denial of service) was approximately US$90,000 an hour for a retail catalog sales company. Malware is a common cyber-weapon. Malware (short for malicious software) is a computer program designed with malicious intent. This intent may be to cause annoying pop-up ads with the hope you will click on one and generate revenue, or forms of spyware, Trojans and viruses that can be used to take over your computer, steal your identity, swipe sensitive financial information or track your activities. At least five new pieces of malware emerge every two minutes, according to Kasperskys Internet Security Lab. One critical measure I monitor regularly is the number of significant events reported to Hackerwatch.Org. At the time Im writing this, in the past 24 hours, there have been more than 8 million sign ificant incidents reported. The warning signs are there, but the question remains: Are we smart enough to prepare? A key premise of this paper is that information processing-whether by equipment (computers) or by humans-is becoming a center of gravity in future warfare. Although there is much debate on the reality of the CW threat, the growing number of computer intrusions on government and non-government systems substantiate the fact that the threat is very real. The growing dependency on information and information based technologies have made us very vulnerable to hostile attacks Hence, our immediate goal must be to both imagine and define how foreign cyber attack capabilities might threaten information networks in India and what potential effects they might have. METHODOLOGY Statement of Problem This paper seeks to study and analyse the use of cyber warfare in future conflicts its implications on national security. To suggest Indias response to these cyber threats by outlining a clear, well defined cyber security strategy and suggest measures to safeguard own national security. Hypothesis As information systems permeate in military and civil lives, a new frontier is being crossed The Information Age- which will define the future wars. Cyber Warfare has become central to the way nations fight wars and is the emerging theatre in which future conflicts are most likely to occur. Cyber warfare will take the form of a devastating weapon of the future battlefield which will be integrated in the War fighting Doctrines of nations across the world. Justification of Study The premise of cyber warfare is that nations and critical infrastructure are becoming increasingly dependent on computer networks for their operation. Also as armies around the world are transforming from a platform centric to a network centric force there is increasing reliance on networking technology. With all the advantages of such connectivity come unprecedented challenges to network security. Threats to information infrastructure could be in the form of destruction, disclosure, modification of data and/or denial of service. A hostile nation or group could exploit the vulnerabilities in poorly secured network to disrupt or shut down critical functions. The protection of our information resources information assurance, will thus be one of the defining challenges of national and military security in the years to come. To take advantage of Information Technology revolution and its application as a force multiplier, the Nation and army in particular needs to focus on Cyber Security to ensure protection / defence of its information and information system assets. Many will argue that defence and intelligence computer systems of most countries including Idia are air gapped and thus, isolated from the Internet. It may appear convincing that by air gapping the networks and using superior technology, the risk may be reduced. However, this will not provide fool proof security. With the proliferation of technology at an astronomical rate, the threat of cyber terrorism will only increase. The air gapped networks are vulnerable from insiders, disgruntled employees and moles planted or recruited by cyber terrorists or their sympathisers to cause the intended damage. A cyber terrorist may impersonate a computer technician and call individuals within the targeted organisation to obtain information to penetrate a system. Once in possession of legitimate log on information, cyber terrorists will have Iegal access to a system and can insert viruses, trojan horses, or worms to expand their control of the system or shut it down. In Russia, hackers used a gas company employee to plant a trojan horse which gave them control of the nations gas pipelines. It is against this backdrop that it becomes imperative as a soldier to understand cyberspace, the threat that it poses and to suggest some steps in order to minimise, if not eliminate the menace that it would cause. Scope This study concentrates on the evolution of cyber warfare and the giant leaps that it has taken in the past decade. The entire spectrum of cyber conflict, including threat reality of cyber warfare being used as a potent and devastating weapon of the future battlefield has been covered. Further the study outlines the cyber warfare capabilities of select nations and how vulnerable India is to these threats. Finally the report outlines a cyber security strategy and recommendations for combating the cyber warfare threat in the 21st century. Methods of Data Collection The data has been collected through various journals, seminar papers and certain books on the subject. Some material has also been downloaded from the Internet. A bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the text. Organisation of the Dissertation It is proposed to study the subject under following chapters: Chapter I Introduction and Methodology. Chapter II The Future of Warfare. Information Revolution and Warfare. Defining Cyberwar. Evolution of Cyber Warfare. Chapter III Global Threat in Cyberspace. Threats in Cyberspae. How Real Is the Threat? Spectrum of Cyber Conflict. Recognition of the Cyber Warfare Threat. Chapter IV Combating the Threat. How Vulnerable are We? Cyber Security: A Few Initiatives. Def Cyber Warfare. Cyber security Strategy. Chapter V Conclusion. The Digital Battlefield. Recommendations. CHAPTER II THE FUTURE OF WARFARE So it is said, if you know others and know yourself, you will not be imperiled in a hundred battles; if you dont know others, but know yourself, you will win one and lose one; if you dont know others and dont know yourself, you will be imperiled in every single battle. -Sun Tzu Will conventional warfare remain the custom for the future or will a new wave of warfare emerge? Down through the corridors of time, wars have been fought for various reasons. Conflict arose from regional instabilities, economic and social perils, and religious animosities. In their book, War and Anti-War: Survival At The Dawn of The 21st Century, Alvin and Heidi Toffler categorize the progression of warfare into three stages or waves: agrarian, industrial, and informational. While some areas of the world still remain in the agrarian realm and some others have advanced to the industrial state, a few have broken out into a completely new era-the information age. Information Revolution and Warfare If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles .If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle. This extract comes from the 6th century BC Sun Tzus The Art of War and is still as compelling today as it was two and a half millennia ago. As a matter of fact, it is in all probability safe to say that knowledge and information about ones adversary have a greater impact now than they have had at any other point in the history of warfare. At the same time, critical information is now often stored electronically in spaces reachable from the Internet, which means there is a prospective for it to leak out to ones adversary, or for the opponent corrupting it in order to affect ones decision making capabilities. There is no standardised definition of Information Warfare. However it has been defined as Actions taken to achieve information superiority by affecting adversely information, information based processes, information systems and computer based networks of the adversary, while protecting ones own information. An aim of warfare always has been to affect the enemys information systems. In the broadest sense, information systems encompass every means by which an adversary arrives at knowledge or beliefs. A narrower view maintains that information systems are the means by which an adversary exercises control over, and direction of fielded forces. Taken together, information systems are a comprehensive set of the knowledge, beliefs, and the decision making processes and systems of the adversary. The outcome sought by information attacks at every level is for the enemy to receive sufficient messages that convince him to stop fighting. Information Warfare is a form of conflict that attacks information system directly as a means to attack adversarys knowledge or beliefs. Information Warfare can be prosecuted as a component of a larger and more comprehensive set of hostile activities a net war or cyber war or it can be undertaken as the sole form of hostile activities. Most weapons, a word used to describe the lethal and nonlethal tools of warfare only have high utility against external adversaries. While most often employed against external adversaries, many of the weapons of information warfare are equally well suited for employment against internal constituencies. For example, a state or group cannot use guns or bombs against its own members; however, the weapons of Information Warfare can be used, have been used, and very likely will be used against both external and internal adversaries. Information warfare as defined by Martin Libicki has seven components: Command and Control Warfare. Intelligence based warfare. Electronic Warfare. Psychological Operations. Hacker Warfare. Economic Information Warfare. Cyber Warfare. This concept of seven components is universally recognised today, as it encompasses the entire spectrum that Information Warfare offers. Besides, it strongly argues that Information Warfare is not exclusively a military function and various actors viz. the media, private industry and civil society including civilian hackers play a key role in building a nations capability to wage Information Warfare. The role of private industry has gradually been acknowledged as cutting edge information technologies become increasingly pervasive in sensors and weapon systems. The information systems while making the military more efficient also render it vulnerable to attacks on the systems itself. Winn Schwartau, also known as the Civil Architect of Information Warfare has defined Information Warfare in this very context: Information Warfare is a conflict in which information and information systems act as both the weapons and the targets. As far as the Indian viewpoint on Information Warfare is co ncerned, history amply reveals that information was essentially viewed as a strategic resource. Kautilya, the great strategist of the Maurya period, strongly advocated the need of obtaining accurate information about the enemy forces and plans of action. In fact, he is considered to be instrumental in the victory of the Mauryans and placing Chandragupta Maurya on the Magadha throne. His astute thinking on warfare and statecraft is portrayed in the famous treatise Arthshastra. While postulating that war may not always be the right option, Kautilya espoused the importance of information and knowledge in winning wars. Information Superiority and Cyber Warfare. Information Technology is a double edged weapon. It provides vast opportunities but simultaneously introduces new vulnerabilities and threats, which may arise through computers, content and connectivity or, to put it differently, hardware, software, information and networks. Information superiority over our adversaries including militant and terrorist outfits is very essential. Non Lethal information weapons can black out communication systems, destroy valuable data and cripple the nation. Therefore, we have to act faster than any adversary. This requires defensive as well as offensive cyber warfare capabilities. Cyber warfare can be a full fledged war and vital infrastructure shall get targeted. To handle cyber wars, highest national level decision making is required, in real time and with full fall back options. For this purpose, basic building blocks include excellent monitoring tools for network traffic, web sites and databases, intrusio n detection, firewalls, encryption and decryption algorithms, public key infrastructure and remote access facilities. Offensive cyber warfare spans computer crimes and information terrorism. Everyone is under threat telephone, power supply, banks, transport, and the day to day needs. lt is important to create tools, awareness, and structures to assess threats to information resources, including military and economic espionage computer break-ins, denial-of-service, destruction and modification of data, distortion of information, forgery, control and disruption of information flow, electronic bombs, etc. ln essence, the thrust of the initiatives must lead to information assurance like life assurance. Defining Cyberwar Cyber Warfare. It is the sub-set of information warfare that involves actions taken within the cyber world. There are many cyber worlds, but the one most appropriate to cyber warfare is the Internet and related networks that share media with the Internet. Cyber Warfare as related to defence forces refers to conducting of military operations according to information related doctrine. It means disrupting or destroying information databases and communication systems. It means trying to know everything about the enemy while keeping the adversary from knowing much about oneself. It means turning the equilibrium of information and knowledge in ones favour especially if the balance of forces is not. It means using information so that less capital and labour may have to be expended. Cyberwar refers to conducting, and preparing to conduct, military operations according to information-related ideology. It means disrupting if not destroying the information and communications systems, broadly defined to include even military culture, on which an adversary relies in order to know itself: who it is, where it is, what it can do when, why it is combating, which threats to counter first, etc. It means trying to know all about an opponent while keeping it from knowing much about oneself. It means turning the balance of information and knowledge in ones favour. This form of warfare may involve diverse technologies-notably for C3I; for intelligence collection, processing, and distribution; for tactical communications, positioning, and identification-friend-or-foe (IFF); and for smart weapons systems-to give but a few examples. It may also involve electronically blinding, jamming, deceiving, overloading, and intruding into an adversarys information and communications circuit s. Yet cyberwar is not simply a set of measures based on technology. And it should not be confused with past meanings of computerized, automated, robotic, or electronic warfare. Cyber warfare requires different principles of warfare which have been derived from thousands of years of experience as documented by Sun Tzu, Clausewitz, Jomini, Liddell-Hart, and others. Some of the kinetic warfare principles apply to cyber warfare while some principles of kinetic warfare have no meaning in cyber warfare. Some principles of kinetic warfare may actually be antagonistic to cyber warfare. The various characteristics and principles of cyber warfare are as under: Waging cyber war is relatively cheap. Unlike traditional weapon technologies, acquiring information weapons does not require vast financial resources or state sponsorship. Boundaries are blurred in cyberspace. Traditional distinctions public versus private interests, warlike versus criminal behavior, geographic boundaries, such as those between nations tend to get lost in the chaotic and rapidly expanding world of cyberspace. Opportunities abound to manipulate perception in cyberspace. Political action groups and other nongovernment organisations can utilize the Internet to galvanize political support. Cyber war has no front line. Current trends suggest that the economy will increasingly rely on complex, interconnected network control systems for such necessities as oil and gas pipelines, electric grids, etc. and these will become vulnerable to cyber attacks. Cyber-warfare must have kinetic world effects. Cyber warfare is meaningless unless it affects someone or something in the non cyber world. Anonymity. Cyber warfare can be waged anonymously. Anonymity is the nature of new technologies, especially telecommunications. An anonymous attack creates two problems. Not only has a states national security been breached, but there is no one to hold accountable for the attack. Offensive Nature. Information technology and computer systems are vulnerable by nature. Therefore, taking defensive measures against the information warfare threat will always be difficult and costly. Improving the defense of information systems also contributes to the security dilemma since decreasing ones susceptibility to information warfare increases the attraction of using information warfare offensively. Cyberwar may have broad ramifications for military organization and doctrine. As noted, the literature on the information revolution calls for organizational innovations so that different parts of an institution function like interconnected networks rather than separate hierarchies. Thus cyberwar may imply some institutional redesign for a military in both intra- and inter-service areas. Moving to networked structures may require some decentralization of command and control, which may well be resisted in light of earlier views that the new technology would provide greater central control of military operations. But decentralization is only part of the picture; the new technology may also provide greater topsight-a central understanding of the big picture that enhances the management of complexity. Many treatments of organizational redesign laud decentralization; yet decentralization alone is not the key issue. The pairing of decentralization with topsight brings the real gains. Cyberwar may also imply developing new doctrines about what kinds of forces are needed, where and how to deploy them, and what and how to strike on the enemys side. How and where to position what kinds of computers and related sensors, networks, databases, etc. may become as important as the question used to be for the deployment of bombers and their support functions. Cyberwar may also have implications for the integration of the political and psychological with the military aspects of warfare. In sum, cyberwar may raise broad issues of military organization and doctrine, as well as strategy, tactics, and weapons design. It may be applicable in low- and high-intensity conflicts, in conventional and non-conventional environments, and for defensive or offensive purposes. As an innovation in warfare, I anticipate that cyberwar may be to the 21st century what blitzkrieg was to the 20th century. At a minimum, it represents an extension of the traditional importance of obtaining information in war-of having superior C3I, and of trying to locate, read, surprise, and deceive the enemy before he does the same to you. That remains important no matter what overall strategy is pursued. In this sense, the concept means that information-related factors are more important than ever due to new technologies Evolution of Cyber Warfare Since the early days of the Internet, there were individuals trying to compromise computer systems security via the network. Initially their activities were limited to defacement of web pages and motivated mostly by mere thrill seeking. In the 1990s political activists realized the potential for publicity coming with the attacks, and defacements carrying a political message became more frequent (Hacktivism). The palette of attack types also widened greatly, most notably some of them became aimed at bringing services or whole systems down, by generating excessive network traffic (denial of service, email bombardments). The first reported politically motivated cyber terrorist attack using a flood of emails was carried out by the Tamil Tigers against Sri Lankan embassies in 1998. It was successful, even as it did not bring targeted servers down, because more importantly it attracted worldwide media attention to the attackers cause. Activist groups involved in other struggles around the world soon followed with similar attempts. The diplomatic conflict between Pakistan and India over Kashmir has, since the late 1990s, been paralleled by a series of mutual cyber attacks. In the Middle East, every time political or military fight escalated between Israel and Palestinians, so did fights on the virtual battlefield. Both sides have used sophisticated techniques and well planned strategies for their cyber attacks. Pro-Palestinian attacks have been carried out by a number of terrorist groups (some of which even came up with the term cyber jihad), and pro-Jewish ones might have been coordinated by the state of Israel, though there is no clear evidence to support that. Studies have shown that Israel leads the list of countries in terms of numbers of conducted computer attacks per 10,000 Internet users. This brings us to the newest trend in cyber warfare: cyber attacks carried out by hacker groups inspired, coordinated, funded and supplied with resources by nation states. They are usually large scale and prolonged operations targeting specific systems within enemy structures. Probably the first of this type of attacks took place during the NATO air strikes against targets in Former Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo violence in 2000. Targeted were all 100 of NATO servers, each subject to excessive network traffic originating mostly from Serbia, as well as Russia and China its supporters in the conflict. The cyber attacks caused serious disruptions in NATOs communication and services, lasting several days, but did not directly affect the bombing campaign. These days cyber warfare still mostly consists of uncoordinated cyber terrorism acts performed by groups whose main aim is publicity and media coverage. Gradually though the nature of cyber warfare is going to change into activities coordinated and paid for by nation states and large international terrorist networks. We can expect attacks trying to exploit vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure like telecommunication systems, airports, power plants, oil and gas infrastructure, supply of water, and military systems. In the coming years we are likely to see a quick rise in the number of cyber battles and one can imagine that in the future wars are going to be fought without dropping bombs and firing missiles. CHAPTER III GLOBAL THREAT IN CYBERSPACE Threats in cyberspace There are four fundamental categories of threats to our information and information infrastructure, characterised by the degree of structure in their attack capability and the measure of trust or access that the threat enjoys. These categories are: Unstructured External Threats. These are individual or small group of attackers who rely heavily on others tools and published vulnerabilities. They attack targets of opportunity and lack persistence against difficult targets. Structured External Threats. These are coordinated attackers i.e. hostile intelligence agencies or organised crime syndicates, which possess a deep technical knowledge of the target, strong motivation, and the capability to mount combination attacks using multiple complex tactics and techniques. Non Malicious Internal Threats. These are accidental breaches of security caused due to ignorance or malfunctioning of system. Malicious Internal Threats. Here the attackers are trusted members of the org or a less trusted support worker with some degree of access. The threats can also be classified under the following heads: