Essay --

Dec 16 (Reuters) - The U.S. governments gathering of Americans phone records is likely unlawful, a judge ruled on Monday, raising serious doubts about the value of the study Security Agencys so-called metadata counterterrorism program.I cannot imagine a more indiscriminate and arbitrary invasion than this systematic and high-tech collection and retention of personal data on virtually either single citizen, U.S. District Judge Richard Leon, appointed by Republican President George W. Bush in 2002, wrote in a 68-page sentiment.The U.S. Department of Justice said it was surveiling the ruling in a case brought by Larry Klayman, a conservative lawyer, and Charles Strange, described in court documents as the father of a cryptologist technician for the NSA who was killed in Afghanistan in 2011. The judge ordered the government to stop collecting data about the two plaintiffs, who were Verizon Communications Inc customers. Verizon declined comment.We believe the program is original as p revious judge pee-pee found, Department of Justice spokesman Andrew Ames said in a statement.Leon suspended enforcement of his injunction against the program in light of the significant national security interests at stake in this case and the novelty of the constitutional issues pending an expected appeal by the government. A U.S. official said an appeal was likely.Leon expressed disbelief of the programs value, writing that the government could not cite a single instance in which the bulk data actually stopped an imminent attack.I have serious doubts about the efficacy of the metadata collection program as a means of conducting time-sensitive investigations in cases involving imminent threats of terrorism, he wrote.That ... ...Glenn Greenwald, a former columnist for The defender who wrote about the metadata collection program based on documents leaked to him by Snowden, praised the court ruling.This is a huge vindication for Edward Snowden and our reporting. Snowden came forwa rd precisely because he knew that the NSA was secretly violating the constitutional rights of his fellow citizens, and a federal court ruled today that this is exactly what has been happening, Greenwald said in an email.A committee of experts appointed by the Obama Administration to review NSA activities is expected to recommend that the spy agency give up collection of masses of metadata and instead require telephone companies to hold onto it so it can be searched. But intelligence officials and the phone companies themselves are said to oppose such a plan. found in nature, for example peptide nucleic acids.

My Career as a Nurse or Elementary School Teacher :: Career Essays

Throughout my young life, I have had multiple encounters with the medical field. In both elbow rooms, good and bad, which fuel and spark my gratify into a nursing program. Growing up, I have always had a particular interest in becoming a nurse. From experiencing, my young cousins and nephew being brought into the world, to relish and seeing cherished loved ill family members fading away. The love and pride the nurses brought to my family and I is indescribable. Knowing that they fearfulnessd is among the most desired aspect, I feel that can outfit me into this particular field. My puzzle is the inspiration soul behind my will and want in life. Her, being a single mother of two, I have been shown primary the struggles of just living above poverty. The extent where we werent allowed help, so struggling to shuffling ends meet was the only answer. I want to overcome the dread of witnessing my mother a 9-5 job that drained the life right out of her. I push my studies with such a quote mentioned by many you will neer work a day in your life, if you love what you do. Believing and achieving that status refreshes me into jumping headfirst into school. Having to deal with multiple family deaths, I am all similarly familiar with the hospital environment. In such ways that I have almost built a bond with a select few round in the hospital. Some in which shared their background with me through their schooling experience. They all love their job and education they received. It all truly inspired me to lease my education. Personally, I feel my loving and caring attitude is beyond the typical description. In particular, my devotion for infant and young kids. Knowing I can make a difference can ultimately drive me into being the best student and a good person. Anyone considering a job in the health care should take a personality test. Results of mine was social. Social people that enjoy and thrive off of helping others and promoting a learning environ ment. They like to teach, to split advice, or in other words provide service to people. In other words a person that is willing to go out of their way to determine the illness of another being. It all rolls out to be a major role of a nurse.

King Lear :: essays papers

King LearIn the play King Lear written by William Shakespeare a collection of images are used to express different points Shakespeare is trying to pass to his audience. One reoccurring image that kept popping up was animal images. Shakespeare displays these animal images when King Lear and many of the opposite characters in the play talk about Goneril and Regan. The animals that Lear and the other characters compare the two sisters to are not very pretty. They are compared to the likes of tigers, serpents, and even monsters. These reoccurring images have an important idea behind them that Shakespeare hopes to communicate his readers.Shakespeare waste no term in comparing Goneril and Regan to animals. When Lear parts from Goneril at the end of Act I, after she has sneered at him and diminished the number of his retainers, he calls her a Detested kite (I. iv. 269.). He also compares her to the sea-monster (I. iv. 268.), by which he possibly means a mythological monster that would be tray its own father. King Lear also comments on his filles ingratitude employ animal imagery when he said, How sharper than a serpents tooth it is to have a thankless child (I. iv. 295-296.). Lear comments once more on his daughters monster ingratitude (I. v. 40.). Lear is showing how he feels about how his daughters are treating him by comparing them to unpleasant animals.Lear in scene IV has a actors line with his other daughter, Regan, where again he uses animal images to show how his daughters are sinking below manhood to animals. Lear seeks out his daughter, Regan, at Gloucesters castle, and finds out that her husband has edit his faithful friend Kent in the stocks and that both husband and wife have retired to bed and do not wish to see him. When Regan finally comes down, she tells him You should be ru lead, and led by some discretion that discerns your state better than yourself (II. iv. 147-149). Lear responds by saying struck me with her tongue, most serpentlike, upon the very heart. (II. iv. 159-160). Lear here again is describing Regan to a serpent, which is a considerable poisonous snake. Both daughters seem to him now like unusually cruel animals. They show this when they shut him out into the stormy night.In the storm scene, Lears loss from his daughters affect his attitude to the mad Tom of Bedlam (Edgar).

africa: Wildlife, landforms and climate :: essays research papers fc

Witch doctors, psychics, mediums, weirdists are just now just a few of the many namesassociated with Shamans. Many of us fork over heard these names echoed since childhood, unless dowe really know who these people are? In the United States these people are viewed as outcast on that point hasnt been a need for them in a very long time. Science, and modern technology haveexiled the Shaman into the fringe of society. They remain a enigma to most, but beckon theopen-minded. The Shaman is a spiritual wayfarer, that hasnt thrived in the United States sincethe arrival of the white man, and his conquest of nature.There are many definitions for shamanism, but few reveal the true nature of the Shaman.In simple terms, the Shaman is a person called upon to serve as a herald for the realm of thedead, but a Shaman is much more. A Shaman is someone who has explored, and gained a greatunderstanding of their inner being. They can tap into the force that flows throughout the world,and manage it . A Shaman can alter his conscience so that he may travel to other worlds filledwith objects, and various kinds of spirits. In the spirit realm, a Shaman can gain knowledge inorder to help in healing, and other matters at hand. He is a spiritual advisor, and a therapist of both physical and mental ailments.A destined Shaman is typically clued in to their destiny by various forms of deplorable. The most common clue is an extend illness for which there is no apparent cure. During thistime of suffering, the chosen person has dreams, visions, and journeys to the spirit realms, andare usually accompanied by a guild spirit. This spiritual guild commonly informs the ill personof their fate to become a Shaman. There is usually hesitation on the part of the chosen one, butthe suffering breaks down the will of that person. In the end, the destined assumes the role asShaman, and his suffering diminishes. With the guidance of an elder Shaman, or sometimes justtheir spirit guild, the new shama n is initiated into their new existence. It is a existence between this earthy realm, and that of the dead. An initiate of Shamanism goes through an significant transformation. As a result of the suffering, and rigorous training, the initiate experiences the decease of his ego. In westernpsychology, the ego is the part of the psyche which experiences the external world, or reality,through the senses, organizes the thought processes rationally, and governs actions (Websters

Graduation Speech: Footsteps on a Beach :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

No love, no friendship can cross the path of our destiny without leaving some mark on it forever. Like footsteps on a beach. People come in and out of our lives, leaving us changed in some shape or form. Like footsteps along our trail of destiny.Love the throng who care about us, the people we care about in our lives. Our family, friends and loved ones have all contributed to who we are as graduates, today. Our parents have raised us to conceive in ourselves.To make the best of who we are. Our parents were raised by our grandparents with similar beliefs and expectations, as were we. My grandfather has influenced my life in numerous ways. I have many memories of him, he has made me laugh through all the fun times that we had together, but he also made me cry. When I was a freshman my grandfather became baneful sick. As the months flew by and I stood by his side, he became increasingly ill. In the early spring of that year my grandfather passed away right before my eyes. That was an haunting moment in my life. My grandfather taught me to accept, to accept both life and death. He showed me that life moves on, people you love will leave you and that through it all it nevertheless makes us stronger in the end. Its loved ones in our lives, like my grandfather, who are the breath within us that give us courage to follow our hearts.Friendship the to the highest degree important part of our high school years that we cherish the most. Every good friend that has come into our lives, like footsteps that we encounter along a whirl on a beach, leaves us with a different perspective of who we really are. The activities that we are involved in throughout high school introduce us to life changing friends. My freshman year, during track, I met one of those special friends. We ran the same distance races together we shared that special bond as teammates. Shes always been an unusual athlete, who runs with her heart, who I have always looked up to. At the district champions hips we were warming down together. I told her how she inspired me and that I felt that she was my hero. The next thing I knew I found myself singing. She made me stop before I could finish, otherwise she would have started to cry.

U.S. Attacked :: essays research papers

America was attacked Tuesday September 11th, 2001. How could we be attacked we are the strongest countries in the world? We acquire one of the worlds strongest economies in the world. We have a massive army with equipment to destroy a whole country. Why would someone do this? Who would do this? Who ever did this doesnt value life. They actually made four of our feature planes filled with fuel into bomb. They crashed into three buildings. Attacking a legions base is bad enough, but to attack innocent people. I stand for that this could have been prevented. We should have been expecting this. We bombed other countries before killing innocent people. Our atom bomb did not distinguish between military, and civilian personal. We, America, did this to end the war to ensure our freedom. I think we could have been prepared a lot more than we were. Should we seek justice or revenge? Justice would be to kill who ever did this so anything like this can neer happen again. Revenge would be to kill who ever did this and who ever harbors the terrorist. I think that we should seek justice so this can never happen again to us or anyone else. We have to be careful though because this could be the start to world war3. This time if a war breaks step to the fore life with have a lesser value than it ever did.There are so many nuclear and biological weapons that nobody life would be safe from side effects. Many more people are going to die in the process of seeking justice. Talk of sending ground array I think would be one of the worst things that could be done. The only people that win from a war are the people that make military equipment.I dont want a war to start because I know people that are in the are and the

U.S. Attacked :: essays research papers

America was attacked Tuesday September 11th, 2001. How could we be attacked we are the strongest countries in the world? We have one of the worlds strongest economies in the world. We have a massive army with equipment to destroy a whole country. Why would someone do this? Who would do this? Who forever did this doesnt value life. They actually do four of our own planes filled with fuel into bomb. They crashed into three buildings. Attacking a military base is bad enough, but to attack innocent mint. I work out that this could have been prevented. We should have been expecting this. We bombed other countries before killing innocent people. Our atom bomb did not distinguish between military, and civilian personal. We, America, did this to end the war to run into our freedom. I think we could have been prepared a lot more than we were. Should we seek justice or revenge? Justice would be to kill who ever did this so anything like this can never happen again. Revenge would be to ki ll who ever did this and who ever harbors the terrorist. I think that we should seek justice so this can never happen again to us or anyone else. We have to be careful though because this could be the start to world war3. This time if a war breaks out life with have a lesser value than it ever did.There are so many nuclear and biological weapons that nonentity life would be safe from side effects. Many more people are going to die in the process of seeking justice. Talk of displace ground troops I think would be one of the worst things that could be done. The only people that win from a war are the people that make military equipment.I dont want a war to start because I know people that are in the are and the

Slavery and Multiple Choice Worth

Douglass fellow slave, Bill, joins in the beating to which Douglass is subjected. True False ________________________________________ Question 2 (True/False Worth 10 points) After beating Mr. Covey, Douglass is pressure to flee for his life, and immediately goes to the North for freedom. True False ________________________________________ Question 3 (Multiple Choice Worth 10 points) Douglass decides to enter a complaint against Mr. Covey with his master, Thomas, who ultimately instructs him to return to Mr. Covey to collect his belongings and wages for Master Thomas. eturn to Covey immediately, that he (Thomas) suspected he deserved the beating. stay the night at St. Michaels and and then return to Mr. Covey in the morning. go to Mr. Hugh Aulds house immediately to resume his position as house servant. ________________________________________ Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 10 points) Sandy Jenkins gives Douglass a medicinal herb to heal the cuts on Douglass back and severe crac ks in his feet. a talisman, an object invested with supernatural powers, to ward off each further beatings from Mr. Covey. means to pacify his appetite until dinner a gift. He was instructed by Sandy Jenkins to plant it on the edge of the farm to serve as a landmarker for freedom. ________________________________________ Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 10 points) Mr. Coveys character can best be described as a violent hooligan who cowers when faced with firm resistance. a charming man who wrestled with the idea of of slavery in his heart. a minister-type who uses religion to justify the severe abuse of his slaves. a soft introvert who had a hard time making his slaves obey him.

Proportion of Work Demands and Level of Education

School plays an important role in our life. many an(prenominal) of us impart spend more than fifteen years at educate in order to get the qualifications that are required to work in a specific field. Of course, those years are broken down into several takes, some of them being more liked than others. Two important steps that we go with are mellow gearschool school and college. Even though some people would think they are almost similar, yet there are significant differences in the midst of them. The cost of high school teaching method is not the same as the cost of college education. Also, some differences apply from an academic point of view. Typically, the social environment to a fault differs from high school to college, a fact that can be related to the question of freedom versus responsibility.It is true to say that college is more costly than high school. Of course, it provides a higher level of education, only if by having so high fees it does not give a chance to them coming from a family with a low income. Also, at college you stimulate to buy your own books whereas in high school you borrow them from the school for a year. As they do for high schools, the government should pay for the books and hence borrow them to students, as they do in high schools. Paying for the education you get is dearly-won, but many people have to pay even more. Many cities do not have colleges, so students who want to get a higher education have to move away to other city where they will be provided the education they need. This often involves paying for an apartment and for food, and sometimes for the bus , which is not, unlike high school, free. As you can see, college is a circle more expensive than high school.However, the cost is not the only think to consider when comparing high school and college, the relation between teachers and students are also different. At high school, they see their students lower than them., not as equals. To tell the truth, i t is very hard for high school students to become friends with them because of the fact that they are seen as simple students who have nothing to learn to their teachers. However, at college, it is easy to have a friendly relation with a teacher because their students as equals.As college provides a higher level of education, the amount of work you have to do at home is a lot greater. At high school, where we get a more general education the time spent home doing homework is a lot smaller. This does not mean that you do not work at high school but it does mean that it is easier in that sense. Moreover, a big advantage of college, from an academic point of view, is that you have more choices. You can choose a lot of subjects related or not to your field of studies whereas at high school you cannot.There are also some differences between the social environment of students at high school and students at college. Since college students have more work to do at home, they have a limited f reedom out of school and this makes it harder for them to see their friends during the week. However, at high school they have known their friends for a while whereas at college they often have to make sunrise(prenominal) friends, because many of theirs have moved away to another city. This can be really hard for some people, but for other people this is a good opportunity to meet a lot of new people, which means a lot of new experiences to benefit of.Before concluding, it would be important to mention that often college students have a whole new effectuate of responsibilities to deal with. Since many moves away from home, they have to live in an apartment, pay their bills, buy their own food, make their own meals, clean up their apartment themselves, and so on For most of them, this is something new and they have to learn how to deal with it and this normally takes a while. Compared to them, high school students have almost nothing to care about omit for school, because they li ve at home with their parents, who do most of those things for them.It is obvious from what has been said that college and high school some(prenominal) have their advantages and their inconveniences. Attending the former is more expensive than attending the latter. Then, at college, you are considered to be more like adults whereas at high school you are looked upon as simple students of a lower class. Also, high school students do have fewer homework and more free times, but at school they are not really free in many ways. Finally, attending college engages being a lot responsible, because you have a lot of things to care about. As you can see they differ a lot but have at least two things in common they are both there to give students a good education and they both represent many years they will never forget.

Motivation in different cultures Essay

There has been general upsurge in civilisations and managerial search in the last decade or so. Despite this detail, empirical studies on culture dimensions to perplexity practices across cultures contrive been limited in numbers and scope. In few countries, very limited knowlight-emitting diodege about its cultural value and the consequences it poses for pauperization is known. A major question is whether the drawback of universal theories could explain for the disap rendering sparing development of various countries. A few reports suggest that there is difference in application of pauperismal theories in various parts of the world.In office of these differences, untrimmed Western management models may non be very appropriate for adoption all over the world, in general without recourse to the dominant local anaesthetic cultural values. The suggestion is made to look for appropriate and suitable management models for different cultures by trying the relatively more(pr enominal) advantageful local companies and institutions. Key words Motivation, Management, Cultures, levers INTRODUCTION Motivation has kept people in crises going throughout centuries it has been the cause of increased standards of living, success, fortune, and satisfaction.Most leaders throughout history have used varying techniques of indigence and persuasion. The same is true for successful managers. tally to many, the role of need in the educate environment has enceinte value. Many studies have evolved around various motivational techniques for directing employees towards desired goals. However, the challenge to management is to recognize and understand the clash of various motivational systems on individual and conference behavior within an organised toy endeavor.The success or failure of motivation rests not only on the technique exactly also on managements ability to match the postulate of people with appropriate requites Todes, 1977. Motives atomic number 18 ineluctably, which force people to move towards goals, or point they make. Studies of motivation have time-tested to respond to the why of the gentleman behavior, which is directed towards a goal and the need for that goal. Hersey and Blanchard (1977) noted that motives rotter be defined as needs, wants, drives, or impulses within the individual which bedirected towards goals which may be conscious or subconscious. Freud long ago discovered the importance of subconscious motivation in order words, people atomic number 18 not always aw are of everything they want (Hersey and Blanchard, 1977). Dickson (1973) stated that employees are not touch offd solely by property but by other factors, which is linked to their behaviour and attitudes. Many theories of motivation have been developed with the reason of how employees behaviours give the sack be energized positively and how they can wear out be directed to achieve desired objectives.The relevance of cultures to management with the sole purpose of contributing to a culturally feasible motivation theory expression across cultures is to be known. Motivation practice in different societies requires identification of the growth-positive and growth-negative culture establish-factors. Defining motivation According to Stephen (2000), motivation is the leaveingness to exert a glum and high level of swither towards validational goals, conditi wholenessd by the efforts ability to satisfy some individual needs. Motivation theories are class into two groups content theories and act theories.Content theories explore what remind people that is, arouses and energize the behavior. The to the highest degree famous content theories are Maslows need hierarchy, Herzbergs two-factor theory, and McClellands three-factor theory. Process theories investigateed the specifics of the motivation process. vrooms expectancy theory and Adams equity theory are well known process theories. As the concept of motivation is re viewed, we should keep in mind that level of motivation varies both among individuals and within individuals at different levels.Among motivation theories to be re-viewed are those of Maslow, Herzberg, Hofstede, and Vroom. Maslows theory of motivation Maslow, a behavioral scientist, is one of the approximately prominent writers in the area of human motivation. He developed the Hierarchy of needs theory. Maslow (1970) stated there is a connection between behavior of individuals and their needs, and the steadfastest felt needs determine behaviors of individuals at given times. Maslows approach was based on the assumption that the individual is the basic unit in a social arranging that is capable of life affirming and self -fulfilling behavior.Maslow believed that fail becomes a individual-to-person commitment and its accomplishment creates satisfaction and self- actualization and provides a way to achieve individual goals. Maslow categorized these needs into quintette levels fr om the most(prenominal) primary needs of physiologic Safety Social at the base to the most secondary needs of Esteem and Self-actualization needs at the top. Basically, Maslow postulates that knowing the needs that employees are trying to satisfy, managers can help satisfy those needs so that employees can be satisfied and, then, rund to pasture better.He believes that the lower needs are satisfied to begin with an individual attempt to satisfy a higher level need in the hierarchy. Maslows need theory has received wide recognition, particularly among practicing managers. Its popularity can be attributed to the theorys intuitive logic and ease of understanding. Unfortunately, however, few researches do not generally validate the theory. Maslow provided no empirical substantiation for the theory, and some(prenominal) other studies, which includes the studies of Lawler III and Suttle (1972), and Hall and Nongaim (1968) that sought to validate it found no support. Herzbergs two-fa ctor theoryBoth Herzberg and Maslow agreed that if an organization met the safety and social needs of its employee group, the satisfaction and level of doance of the group would rise. Herzberg (1968) proposed the Two-Factor theory of motivation. He conducted research among 200 engineers and accountants regarding meditate satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The subjects were asked to think of a time when they felt near or bad in their name environment. Herzberg, after analyzing the responses, concluded that there are two groups of factors, which cause satisfaction and dissatisfaction in an compositional setting and work environment.Herzberg called the first group of factors motivators and the second group hygiene The hygiene factors, also called slanting factors, are of such(prenominal) a constitution that their presence in the organization will not of necessity motivate an individual to work harder but the absence of which can create an unhealthy organizational environment . Hygiene factors, such as salary, company policy, supervision, job security, working conditions inter in-person relations, and status, are job context factors that help to maintain a healthy working environment.They do not motivate workers when pre-sent but workers can become dissatisfied when these factors are absent. The second set of factors-the motivators- are related to the job content of workers. The presence of these factors can motivate workers to perform better and their absence can result in dissatisfaction. These factors include achievement, recognition, advancement, challenging work, fortune for growth, and higher responsibility. Herzberg maintains that both factors are all- classical(a) to the smooth running of an organization.The hygiene factor, even though they do not motivates, if absent creates a poor job attitude. However, an organization may have devout working conditions, with adequate preparedness of hygiene factors, which are only job context, and workers may not be motivated. If adequate attention is paid to the motivators, which are job content related, workers may be motivated to work harder and produce more. Hofstede work-goals motivation theory Hofstede (1980, 1990) postulated his motivation theory on 18 work-goals.The work-goals were classified into five major groupings or super goals as relating to the needs or goals of individuals in motivation. The super goals are do a best job, ambition, cooperation and individuality, family and comfort and security. The five super goals are made up of these function goals among others 1. Do a good job (challenging work, achievement, skill utilization). 2. Ambition (advancement, recognition). 3. Cooperation (good working relationships with colleagues, with boss). 4. Family and comfort (time for personal/family life desirable living area). 5.Security (stable employment, welfare benefits) Vroom expectancy theory Vroom approaches the issue of human motivation quite differently from the ways Maslow and Herzberg did. He holds that people will be motivated to be the achievement of a desired goal if (1) they believe in the worth of the goal and (2) they believe that their actions will en-sure the attainment of the goal. In a more flesh out form, Vroom believe that a persons motivation to perform will depend on the value the person places on the outcome of his efforts work out by his confidence that the effortswill actually help to desired goal that is F = V * E Vrooms theory shows that individuals have goals and are motivated towards actions that will ensure the achievement of these goals. As such, managers should communicate how employees goals, such as promotion, more pay, recognition, and so on, can be earned in ground of what behavioral patterns are known to employees, such patterns should form the basis for administering rewards. Otherwise problems will occur in terms of workers lack of confidence in organizational policy, and the result may be detrimental to good working environment.Culture and management discourse The last decade has brought a renaissance of interest in cultural phenomena in societies and organizations. Re-searchers from a flesh of disciplines have provided range of theoretical and analytical studies. Perhaps because of the different methodological and political orientations that distinguish these disciplines, the literature the Great Compromiser theoretically unintegrated in a state of conceptual chaos. Before reviewing the relevant literatures about culture, and the impact of culture on motivation management, it is important to define culture.Culture is a common word and deal all common words it comes with much conceptual baggage, much of it vague, some of it contradictory. Contemporary concepts of culture some(a) management researchers subscribed to the view that sees culture as- a shared homogenous way of being, evaluating and doing-, which are ideas, shared by members of a cultural group. Others see culture as het erogeneous combining differentiated and dynamic subcultures, still, others see culture from a multi- fragmented perspective that bring ambiguity into culture discourse which are vital to motivation.As numerous intercultural scholars have noted, each culture has its own unique world-view or means for making sense of the world (Zahama, 2000). Hofstede (2003) defines culture as the software of the mind, a collective phenomena, shared with the people who bouncy in the same social environment. It is the collective programming of the mind, which distinguishes the members of one social group or category of people from another.According to Deresky (2003), culture comprises the shared values, assumptions, understandings and goals that are learned from one generation, imposed by the current generation, and passed on to succeeding generations. Hawkins et al. (2006) propagates that the main operational regime of culture starts by earmarking stated boundaries for individual behavior and by gui ding the functioning of such institutions as the family and mass media. In a societal setup these boundaries are termed as norms. Further, norms are derived from cultural values.Given the commonalities among the various authors of culture quoted above, it is obvious that they concur that culture should be defined as that which is shared, harmonious, homogeneous, but the definitions disagree with what exactly is being shared or harmonious and homogeneous. Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts the essential core of culture consists of traditions (that is, historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values.From a more dynamic perspective, culture is conceived as being made up of relations, rather than as stable suggests that every individual embody unique combination of personal, cultural an d value systems. This implies that national cultures, corporate cultures or professional cultures, for modelling, are seen as symbolic practices that only come into existence in relation to, and in contrast with, other cultural communities. Levels of cultureAs almost everyone give-up the ghost to a number of different groups and categories of people at the same time, people unavoidably carry several layers of values within themselves, corresponding to different levels of culture. For example A national level according to ones country. A regional and/or ethnic and/or religious and/or linguistic affiliation level, as most nations are composed of culturally different regions or ethnic or religious or language groups. A gender level, according to whether a person was born as a girl or as a boy.A social class level, associated with educational opportunities and with a persons dividing line or profession. A generation level, which separates grandparents from parents from children for t hose who are employed, an organizational or corporate level according to the way employees have been socialized by their work organization In modern society, they are often partly conflicting for example, religious values may conflict with generation values gender values with organizational practices. Conflicting values within people make it difficult to anticipate their behavior in a new situation.These socialization processes or levels of culture are more ways of doing things, or practices, as opposed to fundamental assumptions about how things are. In the center is a system of societal norms, consisting of the value systems shared by major groups of the population. Their origins are in a variety of ecological factors (in the sense of factors affecting the physical environment). The societal norms have led to the development and pattern maintenance of institutions in society with a particular structure and way of functioning.These include the family, education systems, politics, and legislation. These institutions, once they have become facts, reinforce the societal norms and the ecological conditions that led to them. In a relatively closed society, such a system will hardly change at all. Institutions may change, but this does not necessarily affect the societal norms and when these remain unchanged, the persistence influences of a majority value system patiently smooth the new institutions until their structure and functioning is again adapted to the societal norms.Change comes in the main from the outside, through forces of nature (change of climate, silting up of harbors) or forces of man (trade, colonization, scientific discovery). The arrow of outside influences is deliberately directed at the origins, not at the societal norms themselves. It is believed that norms change rarely by direct adoption of outside values, but rather through a shift in ecological conditions technological, economical, and hygienic. In general, the norm shift will be gradua l unless the outside influences are particularly violent (Hofstede, 1980a).THEORETICAL BACKGROUND A survey study was carried out in five different European and African countries by a The Research and Development Unit of Euro-African Management Re-search Centre (E-AMARC Maastricht-Paris-Brussels-Stirling) to know the impact of differences in cultures on motivational factors. The European countries were France, Italy, Nether-lands and Scotland, while the African country involved in the research was Nigeria. The questionnaire used as a base the Value Survey Model developed by Hofstede The research aimed atcomparing motivation management values across five countries. For this purpose, written survey questionnaire was used. The questionnaire tried to obtain a fair representation of the opinions of two categories of respondents Managers (everybody leading the work of others), non-managers (higher educated employees). The questionnaire contained items about the managers motivation-related values and perceptions. Only the questions found importantly relevant for the understanding of the effect of culture on management motivation practices were reported and examined in the study.The research included,The survey questionnaire contained a number of questions aiming at understanding what makes people thick. Table 2 presents the data on Maslow, Herzsberg, Hofstde and Vroom motivation factors as they are sensed to influence motivation by the respondents. This research project describes the results of a survey study of five countries France, Italy, Scotland, Netherlands and Nigeria. DISCUSSION It has often been said and discussed that the motivational factors does not have the same prominence in different cultures.In the survey, questionnaire contained a number of questions aiming at understanding what makes people thick. The table presents the data on Maslow, Herzsberg, Hofstde and Vroom motivation factors as they are perceived to influence motivation by the respondents. The research project describes the results of a survey study of five countries France, Italy, Scotland, Netherlands and Nigeria. The results obtained from the research confirmed that the cultures of France, Italy, Scotland and Netherlands as measured by the motivation-related values and desires of the respondents were different.Examination of responses on the motivation-value factors from the research reveals that the Italians graded have challenging tasks, have freedom to adopt their own approach to tasks, make contribution to the success of their organization, live in desirable area for self and family, and to have good working relationships with direct maestro as the five most important motivation-value factors. To serve your country, have little tension and stress on the job, work in a well-defined job situation, have opportunity to help others and work in esteemed and successful organisation as the five lest important motivation-value factors.The French respondents graded h ave challenging task, live in desirable area, freedom of approach to tasks, cooperation with others, and good working relations with superior as the five top motivation-value factors. They graded serve your country, have little tension and stress on the job, work in a prestigious and successful organisation, have security of employment and well-defined clear job situations as the five lest motivation-value factors. The Scottish respondents ranked cooperation with others, live in desirable area, challenging tasks, have good relationship with superior and to have freedomof approach to tasks as the five top motivation value factors. They ranked serve your country, to have little tension and stress on the job, to have opportunity to helping others, to have well defined and clear job situations and work in prestigious and successful organisation as the five lest motivation-value factors. The Dutch on their part ranked live in desirable area, cooperation with others, have good physical w orking conditions, have good working relationships with direct superior and have opportunity for higher earnings as the five top motivation-value factors.They ranked serve your country, have little tension and stress on the job, have opportunity to helping others, to be consulted by direct superior and to have variety and adventure on the job as the five lest motivation-value factors. To the Nigerian respondents, they ranked make contribution to the success of their organisation, to have challenging tasks, have security of employment, opportunity for higher level jobs and cooperation with others as the five top motivation-value factors.They ranked have little tension and stress on the job, have variety and adventure in the job, to be consulted by direct superior, work in prestigious and successful organisation and opportunity for helping others as the five lest motivation-value factors. The difference in the ranked order of the work-goals among the four European country respondents is of little significance. Though there is not much difference among these countries, there are significant differences when compared with the African-Nigerian respondents.In a collectivist society like Africa-Nigeria, goals like security of employment, contribution to the success of organisation, opportunity for advancement to higher level jobs and earnings have symbolic cultural and economic values that add to their rated importance. Some of the value clearly relate to motivation factors and others relate clearly to hygiene factors in Herzberg terms. For example, variety and adventure in the job, challenging job, freedom on the job, recognition and opportunities if they refer to advancement, not merely to earnings, higher salary, all clearly relate to motivation factors.On the other hand, factors like opportunity for higher salary, good physical working conditions, security, and good relationship with superior are clearly hygiene factors. However, some factors like clear job descr iption, cooperation and challenging tasks sit on the fence and may deflect one way or the other depending on the tasks and situations at hand. Comparing the five highest motivational factors to Herzbergs two-factor theory, the European respondents ranked, challenging tasks, desirable living area, freedom of approach to job, working relation-ships with superior and cooperation with others, are motivator factors.For the African Nigerian respondents, contribution to success of organisation, security of employment, advancement to higher level jobs and earnings are hygiene factors. Herzberg stated that to the degree that motivators are present in a job, motivation will occur. The absence of motivators does not lead to dissatisfaction. Further, he stated that to the degree that hygienes are absent from a job, dissatisfaction will occur. When present, hygienes hamper dissatisfaction, but do not lead to satisfaction.In this study, the lack of challenging task for the respondents would not necessary lead to dissatisfaction. Higher earnings for the respondents than what they believe to be fair may lead to job dissatisfaction. Conversely, the respondents will be motivated when they are engaged in challenging tasks but will not necessarily be motivated by higher earnings. The result of this study supports the idea that what motivates employees differs from organisation to organisation and from country to country given the context in which the employee works.What is clear, however, is the fierceness given to the ranked order of the most important motivation value factors across cultures. Implications for management and organization One crucial question to be answered is what motivates employees to work effectively and productively? One of the answers can be, challenging jobs, which allows a feeling of achievement, responsibility, growth, advancement, enjoyment of work itself and earned recognition, have not appeared as very motive factors as was the case with most studi es of this nature conducted in the West.This difference may be due to cultural influences. The West tends to be individualistic while Africa-Nigeria and most other African countries tend to emphasize the social aspects of a job situation. In Africa-Nigeria, clear job description, which ranked 8th position, is a very strong motivator and this bets to be consistent with traditional African value concern for paternalistic superior-subordinate relations. Similarly, contribution to the success of ones organisation to the African-Nigerian respondents is more important than to be consulted by ones boss in his decisions and freedom of approach to job.To make a contribution to the growth of ones organisation is rather a static affair present orient-ted and suggests a group of well-motivated employees who would want to be consulted by their superiors and get involved with the effectiveness of the organisation and neighborly human relationships The ranked order of the motivation value factor s of the respondents provides very useful information for management and the employees. Knowing how to use information provided by the study results in motivating employees is a complex task. The strategy for motivating employees depends on which motivation theories are used as a reference point.If Hertzbergs theory is followed, management should begin by focusing on earnings and job security (hygiene factors) before focusing on kindle work and full appreciation of work done (motivator factors). If Vrooms theory is applied, management should begin by focusing on challenging tasks and desirable living area for the employees in effort to achieving organizational goals and objectives. If Hofstedes work-goal theory is applied, management must focus on advancement to higher level jobs, earnings, and security of employment in order to motivate the employees to effectively become satisfied and productive.A comparison of the results provides some interesting in-sight into motivation values across cultures. Challenging tasks, which ranked as number one motivator for Italy and France, ranked number two for Nigeria and number three for Scotland, is a self-actualizing factor. The number one ranked motivator, contribution to success of organization, is a physiological factor. According to Maslow, if management wishes to address the most important motivational factor of employees, challenging tasks, physiological, safety, social, and esteem factors must first be satisfied.If management wished to address the second most important motivational factor of employees, opportunity for higher earnings, increased salary would suffice. Contrary to what Maslows theory suggests, the ranges of motivation factors are mixed in this study. Maslows conclusions that lower level motivation factors must be met before ascending to the next level were not validated in this study. It is perhaps very interesting to note that the rank order of the factors by the African-Nigerian respondents seems to be gravitating towards hygiene and maintenance factors.Of the seven factors most highly ranked, only security and earnings are indisputably motivation factors in Herzberg terms. One of the points to observe from the table is the relative low position (10th and 17th) scored by freedom on the job and to be consulted by direct superior respectively for the African-Nigerian respondents. Variety and adventure on the job, which is associated to recognition, scored the 16th position. All these factors are motivation factors by Herzberg and host of other western theorists and should have scored much higher.The fact that they did not suggests that the respondents have other priorities and we may have to look into culture and environment for further explanations. The results of this study indicate that job context is more important than job content. Organizational control or interpersonal factors (job-context factors such as co-operation, security, opportunity, contribution and earnings), for the most part, received high-ranking more than internally mediated factors (job-content factors such as success, consultation, freedom and the job itself).The results suggest therefore that efforts to motivate the African- Nigerians should focus on job context rather than on job content. Changes in nature of organizational control factors or interpersonal factors are likely to be more valued than changes in the work itself. Work enrichment programs that help the respondents function as members of a group, and which emphasize formal rules and structures, are more likely to motivate them in an extrinsic oriented society of Nigeria, where satisfaction tends to be derived from contribution and security, than in Italy, France, Scotland and the Netherlands where the job itself is more valued.The results suggest that the African-Nigerian respondents may be effectively motivated by the hygiene factors as long as these factors explicitly meet their personal and family needs. The results presented also suggests that the Italian, French, Scots and the Dutchs respondents ranking of motivation-value factors, all corresponding to higher Maslow needs. On their part, the African-Nigerian correspondents ranking of the motivation-value factors corresponding to low Maslow needs. These findings illustrate that cultures and organizational work settings may have dramatic effect on motivation values across cultures.The empirical evidences that result from this research have shown that the different management theories of motivation in the form they have been developed and applied in the West may not or partially fit culturally in Africa. The similarities and differences among the five country respondents suggest that it make sense to study and compare western motivation values and traditional cultural values, beliefs, perceptions and attitudes among countries, regions and sub-cultures within the same country.This study calls for monish in importation and imposition of training and education practices that draw uncritically on Western motivation management theories and models without due sensitivity to the cultural differences and specificities of how motivation are conceived of and practiced in different cultures. It also calls for an indigenous approach that builds naturally on prevailing cultural norms and values, and for a closer examination and more detailed reporting and support for an appropriate, viable and feasible motivation management theory orthodoxy that is congruent with local environment.Finally, it is argued, based on the empirical evidence of this research results, that the generally accepted Wes-tern (most especially US) motivation theories like Maslow, Herzberg and Vroom may not be very appropriate for motivating employees in Africa-Nigeria and for universal formulating and theorizing on motivation management. Conclusion The motivational factors that exist in one culture or country may not be present in another. For example, the elements that motivate individuals in an individualistic society vary from those that would motivate individuals in a collectivistic society.People in an individualistic culture tend to view themselves mainly in terms of their own self-interests, goals, and accomplishments and do not normally associate these factors with those of the group or organization with which they belong. The concept of self-actualization is far more prevalent in this type of culture. Conversely, people in a collectivistic culture generally do not partake in activities of a highly individual nature. They tend to align their personal goals and interests to those of the group or organization as a whole.The United States and France are examples of individualistic cultures, whereas Japan is a predominantly collectivistic culture. As mentioned earlier, different types of cultures require different types of motivation. In the same sense, different physical and economic conditions within various countries can influence the actualization of lower-level needs, which may foil the development of higher-order needs. For example, in countries thatare somewhat less developed the stress of everyday life and being able to provide the basic necessities becomes so overtake that individuals are unable to move beyond this stage and fulfill higher-order needs. In addition, countries such as Japan that experience high uncertainty avoidance seem to value the need for security more so than self-actualization needs in regards to enhancing work motivation. In contrast, countries such as the United States and France that are lower in uncertainty avoidance tend to pursue self-actualization needs due to the fact that their requirements for security are less complicated and met more easily.When deciding which type of reward programs would be most beneficial to Global Industries, Inc. and its members, several theories of motivation will need to be examined and then applied with reference to the local culture. References Or ganizational behaviour Stephen Robbins Managing organizations RK Sharma, Sahashi K Gupta Management of Organizational Behaviour- Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall. www. academicjournals. org

Who I am

As I scroll through the un hunch forwardn hallways of spicy schooling for the first time, anxious and worried of the unexpected I was about to anticipate, my palms start the tip of shaking heavily and sweating uncontrollably. Thinking to It, I knew It was a start, a new start of life as a beginning, new chapter of not just believing in finding myself, challenging to a greater extent to my limitations, setting high bars, letting myself free to the world of judgments and doubts of others somewhat me, and showing my heart to the world in the creation I knew was forming my future already.As in the future I knew would be he outcome of the things that old chosen to follow or present of today, I knew I would want to become and be the things that I desired or worked for. I was the kind of average teenager that was very practical and simple to my own age, as they describe it. In someone who was Just rousing around life and just life to the very last purpose, but that wasnt the person I wa nted to be identified as.I was the kind of grown girl that was more prone than to Just being there for living, I was living it to the very Max of how I wanted to create an life that I took advantage of establishment It success in full, happily, and valued more than Just to myself. I am the kind of person who takes a stand in my life and to the opponents of speaking up for what I accept in strongly in whatever take in I have to, whether for the sake of my good, to speak out, or against an disagreement or for someone of whatsoever kind who debates without an example of following, or helped along the way.I am the girl who finds more than an example of following someone In their steps to accomplish, like my mom, and using a motivation and dedication towards life of my own to fully provide the example to the environment and people around of everything I do or am. I am the girl who desires a accomplishment and long and short term goal, and challenge to be overcome and expected a lesso n or outcome out of it to lay off myself to keep improving whether I was defeated by those or won them, I would still keep pressuring myself to doing more each day.I am the girl that fully improves myself to keep understanding and lack of communicating skills, even for the times that many might not understand me in a way, but I am different. Deferent in a sense that nobody will be completely be eke the way I was or Is created today, in the sense of my doing, humor, personality, thinking, pen/ clothing style, or especially the person I made it to be remembered But before beginning.. I was Borneo in a family of strict, traditional, hard workers from Tray Blah, Vietnam. I was embossed on books and the Asian doctrine that education Is the only way to success.Shortly being as an elite kid with so much fun filled childhood, life as I knew was going to drastically change. I started school as soon as I arrived at the beginning of second grade. I didnt know any English, I had no friends, and I was constantly picked on for the way I dressed and talked. I could not complete any of my schoolwork because I didnt understand anything but aside that, my parents got divorced. I was so ashamed of the life I was living with. Worse, I was lonely and overwhelmed, and I felt so suddenly lost.I knew In the example that my dad, a new life to provide her children, new house, and transportation, but she made it happen. Meanwhile at home my mom was pushing me to tick English, bringing mom worksheets and books to help me. My shame became my source of motivation, forcing me to work and relearn the basics until I mastered the language. As I began to grasp the mechanics of English, I made friends and my school life greatly improved. With my moms encouragement and my own perseverance, within a year, by the end of third grade, I was getting straight As and even surpassing many of my classmates.From that day on, the language barrier became nonexistent. Looking back now, I fully appreciat e everything that my mom did for me those first few months. bandage I was struggling to learn a language and to fit in, my mom was working even harder to learn a new lifestyle of her past struggle and to assimilate to a country whose values and culture are so drastically different from her own in which she didnt know how to handle individually living out alone. For her, her entire live were in Vietnam. She had grown up in that land, established successful career, and made a name for herself.In moving on to a new beginning, she gave all that up in the hopes that I, and my brother would have a chance at a better life. In which my mom sacrificed so much for me and my brother, she continued to put aside her own interests and wants, to provide for the two of us. She allowed me to live the life of comfort that I do today. From my mom, I have learned the gist of hard work, integrity, and compassion. I truly believe that my drive, determination, and dedication in everything I do come from my mom, because I see it in her every single day. I respect my mom tremendously and I work hard to become successful to repay her for all she done.Of course, our relationship is not perfect. I am eternally frustrated and angry with her unreasonably high expectations, endless comparisons, and overbearing protectiveness. However, I have learned to fuel that anger into motivation to try harder and prove to her that I am good enough. Today, I work for my dreams, to provide for myself as an independent woman, and to travel the world and get lost in the chaos of busy cities. I work to give back to my family, to my friends, to my community around me, of all which have made me the person I am. I want to leave my mark on this world, to make a name for myself, and to become a somebody.