Anxiety in our Modern Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1662 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Anxiety in our Modern Society Steven Hayes, PhD once said, If you always do what youve always done, youll always get what youve always got. (Boyes, 2013). This quote from Dr. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Anxiety in our Modern Society" essay for you Create order Hayes is explaining that without change there will no different outcome. This quote relates to the principles of society because it shows that if our society refuses to change, then individuals who suffer from anxiety will not change their outcome. Mr. Ronald Kessler, PhD states that, Anxiety Disorders affect 18.1 percent of adults in the United States (Kessler, 2005). Therefore, if such a large percentage of our population in the United States is affected by Anxiety Disorders, why are we not innovating new theories around Anxiety Disorders. Anxiety Disorders need to be taken as a serious mental health condition due to the vast number of anxiety disorders, the harmful side effects it takes on the body, and the impairment of a normal life. Anxiety disorders have been around the United States history for an extensive amount of time. Starting in the nineteenth (19th) century into the 20th century, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) was diagnosed with pantophobia or anxiety neurosis (Crocq, 2017). There are a multitude of reasons why anxiety disorders are present in certain individuals. Experts know that there are multiple causes for anxiety disorders. Researchers are learning that anxiety disorders run in families, and they have a biological basis, much like allergies or diabetes and other disorders, says Opposing Viewpoints Mental Illness (Berlatsky, 2013). GAD was brought into the third edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) as a diagnostic category in 1980 when anxiety neurosis was split into GAD and panic disorder (Crocq, 2017). Ever since the 19th century there have been many research projects projected towards Anxiety Disorders. There has been over $9 million dollars dedicated towards Anxiety research since 1987 (Anxiety, 2018). In todays world there are many other viewpoints. Since we live in such a diverse society, we are compelled to acknowledge all of the viewpoints. Therefore, some individuals believe that anxiety is not a real illness, some people are just worrywarts and cant be treated, and people with anxiety can just snap out of it if they really wanted to. Even though I can understand how individuals might believe this, some anxiety is natural, but it is also a real illness. Anxiety disorder is an extreme form of anxiety and can cause impairment (Vann, 2013). When an extreme anxiety disorder is present it does not mean those individuals are just worry warts. According to a research experiment, published by Current Pharmaceutical Design, two thirds (2/3) of anxiety disorders are inherited. Therefore, individuals do not choose to be worrywarts; they simply have no control (Vann, 2013). Even though these conditions have a genetic component, there is still treatment and medication that can be used base d on diagnosis. A certain type of treatment involves breaking the cycle of anxiety. The cycle of anxiety is the reason individuals cannot snap out of it. The cycle of anxiety includes fear and worry, which are in your mind due to the anxiety, which will lead to avoidance. Since the individuals avoid the problem at hand the anxietys fear and worry will grow stronger over time. Therefore, without professional help, the cycle of anxiety is increasingly hard to overcome. When discussing mental health there are two different types of perspectives. Those perspectives include believers and nonbelievers. In my mind, nonbelievers have the viewpoint that mental health is all make believe in an individuals head. Whereas, believers know that the 18.1 percent of individuals in the United States affected by mental health disorders are not faking their illness. There are three main categories when referring to Anxiety Disorders, those include: Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorders, and Phobia-Related Disorders. GAD will show excessive anxiety and worry for at least 6 months for a number of things (Anxiety Disorders, www.nimh.nih.gov). The sy mptoms of GAD include: feeling on-edge, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritable, muscle tension, difficulty controlling feelings of worry, and insomnia. The fear and anxiety that GAD causes are serious issues. This fear and anxiety could cause serious problems in areas of life, such as: social interactions, school, and work (Anxiety Disorders, www.nimh.nih.gov). In the United States, individuals over the age of 18, GAD will affect around three to five percent of the population in any given year (GAD, anxietypanichealth.com). Panic Disorder is another common Anxiety Disorder within the United States. A panic disorder will almost always come with common panic attacks. Panic attacks are periods of immense fear that come fast and last around a couple minutes (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018). Panic attacks have many causes, but they can occur unexpectedly. A lot of panic attacks are brought on by triggers. During these panic attacks there are a multitude of symptoms, such as: heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, feelings of impending doom, and feelings of being out of control (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018). Even though they are not as common as GAD, panic disorder is still very common. 1.7% of the United States population over 18 to 54 is affected by a panic disorder (Panic Disorder, 2017). Another type of disorder found in the United States are Phobia-related disorders. A phobia is an intense fear. This fear may feel out of proportion when looking in from the outside, but to the individual it seems right during the circumstance. Phobia related disorders have symptoms known as: irrational or excessive fear, avoiding situations, and immediate intense anxiety (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017). Phobia-related disorders are very common; there are around 19 million people affected by phobia-related disorders in the United States (Nordqvist, 2017). Due to the multitude of disorders that are related to Anxiety Disorders there are also a multitude of symptoms. One of the most major symptoms correlated to Anxiety Disorder is suicidal thoughts. Erwin Ringel, an Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist, proves this point in the scholarly journal, Anxiety and suicide: Anxiety is an essential, though not absolutely necessary, part of the presuicidal syndrome. It can be manifest or hidden; in both cases, however, its connection with suicide is significant and all patients with anxiety-connected psychotic disorders have to be considered suicide-prone. In those cases where anxiety increases extremely rapidly the danger of suicide increases. Therefore, the treatment of anxiety with antidepressive drugs, neuroleptics, tranquilizers, and psychotherapy has to be considered an important suicide-preventing therapeutic measure. (Ringel, 1972, par. 1, abstract) Our country has gone through great sadness in the past; when the United States goes through a sadness we pull together as a team. Therefore, if people in our country know there are some of our own goi ng through an immensely hard time, why would we not help? Who are we to allow some of our own sit and suffer through the hardships of an anxiety disorder. Some of the other hardships include: insomnia, heart palpitations, impairment of life that results from avoidance. When an individual gets sick, they take off work. They could have the flu or some simple head cold, no matter what, they take off work. Therefore, an illness will impair your day to day life. In a questionnaire conducted by the Mental Health Foundation, individuals were asked three questions about feeling anxiety in their day to day lives. More people agreed than disagreed that they got more anxious these days than they used to and there were similar levels of agreement that feelings of anxiety had stopped them from doing things in their lives (Mental Health Foundation, 2014). Anxiety has affected many individuals in their lives and has stopped them from doing day to day activities and also avoiding certain situations. All of these side effects from anxiety can affect a person and their personal or work life immensely. Anxiety needs to be taken as a serious mental health condition due to the vast amount of anxiety disorders, the harmful side effects it takes on the body, and the impairment of a normal life. Anxiety has been and will always be an impactful mental illness in our society. Individuals who suffer from a type of Anxiety Disorder need the help and support from our society, not the bashing they have received. Gayathri Ramprasad, a mental health advocate, who has dealt with her mental illnesses her entire life. She stated in an interview, Having a mental health issue is not a sign of personal weakness. I think it is a sign of strength to ask for help and support. Anxiety Disorders are not meant to ask for attention. Anxiety disorders are not make believe. Anxiety disorders are real and they are hard. It is even harder to ask for help. Therefore, they should not have to ask for helpit should already be there. References Page Boyes, A. (2013, January 14). Anxiety Quotes: The Ten Best Quotes About Overcoming Anxiety.Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/in practice/201301/anxiety-quotes-the-ten-best-quotes-about-overcoming-anxiety Kessler, R. C. (2005). Errors in Byline, Author Affiliations, and Acknowledgment in: Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry,62(7), 709. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.7.709 Crocq, M.A. (2017). The history of generalized anxiety disorder as a diagnostic category [Abstract]. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 19(2), 107-116. Berlatsky, N. (Ed.). (2013). Mental illness. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. Anxiety. (2018, September 05). Retrieved from https://www.bbrfoundation.org/research/anxiety Vann, M. R. (2013, March 15). 10 Anxiety Myths Debunked. Retrieved from https://www.everydayhealth.com/anxiety/10-anxiety-myths-debunked.aspx Anxiety Disorders. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://anxietypanichealth.com/reference/gad-general-anxiety-disorder/ Panic Disorder. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.fearclinic.ufl.edu/PanicDisorders.html Nordqvist, C. (2017, December 20). Everything you need to know about phobias. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/249347.php Ringel, E. (1972). Anxiety and suicide [Abstract]. Schweizer Archiv fr Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie, 110(1), 143-150. Office on Womens Health. (2018). An interview about mental health stigma and healing [Web log comment]. Retrieved from https://www.womenshealth.gov/blog/mental-health-stigma (2018, February 06).

How Corporate Governance And The Breakdown Of Each Sector...

Introduction Corporate Governance is the system of rules, practices and processes in which a company is controlled and directed. â€Å"It essentially involves balancing the interests of the many stakeholders in the company.† (Investopedia). These can include shareholders, management, customers, suppliers, financiers, government and the community depending on the type of company. It provides the framework for attaining any company’s objectives. As western culture transitions into a more globalized economy, a set of standards enhancing corporate character should be evaluated. These standards are created within an organization to add long term value for the shareholders, and should be managed on a regular basis to achieve desired goals that†¦show more content†¦This resulted in a wide variation in governance across U.S. firms. Firms with weaker shareholder rights earned lower returns, had poorer operating performance and were valued lower overall. Multinational corporations used a number of methods to ensure their foreign subsidiary managers owned shares of their firm to align their interests with those of the corporation. These managers were also offered bonuses in the form of stock that they were unable to sell for a few years to encourage them to focus on the goal of maximization of the stock price when making decisions for the subsidiaries. Stock ownership for upper level management is limited, thus resulting in the decision to protect their jobs even if it reduces the stock price. An example of this would be a manager deciding to expand their subsidiary in order to justify their position, even if it affects the values of the corporation overall. Governance is to ensure that managerial decisions serve the shareholder’s interests. United States and Corporate Governance During the Reagan administration, neo-liberalism also known as neo-classical economics allowed for a political alley, crucial for marketing business to business regulation that remained for the public sector and is communicated by a set of policies and standards called Corporate Governance, (Citation; YR). The neo-classical approach was created from a capitalistic

Dimensions Of Physical And Mental Health †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Dimensions Of Physical And Mental Health. Answer: Overview of Mental Health According to WHO (2014, mental health refers to ones well-being status where they can individually realize their potential, cope with usual stresses in life, productively work and further, contribute to their community. It thus encompasses their psychological, emotional and social well-being. Mental health impacts on ones thinking, feelings and actions. From the definition, it is clear that mental health determines how one handles stress, their relationship with others and their approach to decision making.To enhance the mental health of a population there is need to; carry out health promotion in the society on the importance of mental well-being; prevent mental disorders; prevent violations against human rights and; provide care for those suffering from mental disorders. Mental illnesson the other hand refers to variousmental health conditions including disorders which alter ones mood, their way of thinking and also, their behavior. Mental illnesses include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders, bipolar depression and addictive behaviors (WHO, 2014). Considering Georgias symptoms from the case study, it is clear that she has a social anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders can be classified into four categories. They include; panic disorder whereby a feeling of terror strikes at random; social anxiety disorder where one has a social phobia; specific phobias and; generalized anxiety disorder (Uher et al, 2013). Given the descriptions, Georgias case includes both social and panic disorders. The two disorders are usually evidenced by symptoms like palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pains, sleep problems and fear (Versella et al, 2016). She experiences these in the event of an assignment or examinations. Various factors including biological factors, life experiences and a family background of mental health problems contribute makes one likely to develop mental illnesses (Gambini, 2016). All humans are genetically vulnerable to developing mental illness which may be triggered by different stress experience levels in ones life. Common triggers for mental disorder include for instance, drug abuse, work-related stress, relationship stress, and cases of traumatic events (Versella et al, 2016). It is evident that Georgias case is similar to that of her mother as they both present with anxiety and the inability to cope with the disorder. The condition is thus genetic in a way considering this similarity in symptoms and signs. The anxiety disorder arises from Georgias stress due to school-related workload. The condition has also made it difficult for her to concentrate in her studies as it presents with panic, worry, a lack of concentration and withdrawal from ones social life. Symptoms and Early Warning Signs Early warning signs of anxiety disorder according to Uher et al (2013) include insomnia; where there the affected individual experiences little or no sleep as it is in Georgias case. She finds it difficult to sleep and also wakes up very exhausted. Another early warning sign of this particular disorder includes the tendency to be often exhausted (Greener, 2014). Thirdly as described in Versella et al (2016), withdrawal from social life and the tendency to want to be in isolation is also a sign of social anxiety disorder. The patient in the case study has not seen her friends for four weeks because she their declines invitation. The social anxiety has also seen her avoid any romantic relationships for about two years (School ofNursing Midwifery, 2017). The feelings of exhaustion particularly make individuals with the social anxiety disorder to be unable to perform daily tasks (Wright et al, 2016). Having been overwhelmed by the workload in her studies, Georgia decides to change from full-time to part-time in the current semester. Difficulty in concentration is also a clear indication of social anxiety disorder. In her studies too, Georgia finds it difficult to concentrate in her class work and inability to complete her assignments. According to Versella et al (2016) anxiety disorder presents with panic and worry. Georgia has been described to be always panicky and worried whenever there is an assignment or an exam indicating that she has the disorder. In addition, individuals with the disorder also present with shortness of breath, increased heart rate and a sense of impending doom (Wright et al, 2016). More warning signs for individuals with anxiety disorder according Asakura (2015) include unusual confusion or anger or fear, severe mood swings, change in eating habits that are had not been nutritionally advised and unexplained pain. The relationship between physical health and mental health Physical health and mental health are both critical determinants of an individuals general health (Shioiri, 2015). Determination of an individuals health and well-being relies on the state of both their mental and physical health. According to the World Health Organization (2014), health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition therefore indicates that physical health just like mental health guarantees the complete state of well-being. Some mental conditions have been associated with chronic physical conditions (Bhattacharya Sambamoorthi, 2013). Chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease may cause withdrawal from social interactions and is highly associated with depression. Such conditions may also make it difficult to diagnose and assess mental health illnesses like depression according to Depression and Anxiety Issue Information (2017). Also, mental illness poses a high risk of experiencin g chronic physical conditions. Similarly, chronic physical illnesses increase the risk of developing mental ill-health. Mental fatigue particularly contributes to physical withdrawal from activities as is in the case of social anxiety disorder. While mental fatigue does not impact on the performance of the heart and/or muscles, it influences the perception of performance of different activities (Spielberg et al, 2014). In view of Georgias case, it is evident that she is mentally fatigued from the workload of her studies. This has resulted to her always being tired physically thus unable to perform her usual daily activities like early evening walks (School ofNursing Midwifery, 2017). Her perception of performance has therefore, been affected. Another relationship between physical and mental health can be seen from the examination of the connection between ones physical health and anxiety (Subramaniapillai, 2014). In this regard, mental illness as is the case of anxiety disorder brings about fear, worries and panic. This makes an individual to physically avoid particular places and also shun from participating in social activities (Versella et al, 2016). Physical health in itself influences ones mental health. Indulging in physical exercises which enhance ones mood and reduces irritability shows the positive effect of physical health on mental health (Talbott, 2012). Physical health problems increase the risk of mental illness. Depression can cause insomnia, fatigue and high sensitivity to pain resulting from abnormal functioning of neurotransmitters. It is thus rational to conclude that mental health goes hand in hand with the physical health of an individual. Personal recovery There are different ways that individuals with social anxiety disorder can manage to achieve personal recovery through reconciling physical and mental health determinants within their environment. According to Fang et al (2013), participation in regular body exercise is highly recommended in improving ones mental health. Exercise helps the body to release hormones like endorphins and serotonin which reduces anxiety and depression. Therefore, Georgia is highly advised to take up daily exercise routines in order to release the pressures of class work load that will cause her to relax and be able to do more and better in her studies. Secondly, according to Singh (2016), a healthy diet increases brain function and provides energy that reduces the possibility of developing fatigue. It has been shown that diets with low nutrients tend to increase the risk of anxiety and depression. Since proper dieting is advised, skipping meals should be discouraged as it contributes to fatigue and irrita bility due to surges in stress hormones (Singh, 2016). Georgia lives alone in a flat and this poses a high risk of unhealthy eating. It makes her more likely to eat snacks which are particularly low on balanced nutrient content. It is therefore, important that she gets support from friends and family members in order to always maintain healthy eating habits. Thirdly, personal recovery for anxiety disorder as well as other mental health cases requires individuals to have a normal uninterrupted sleep (Asakura, 2015). Lack of enough sleep is often associated with stress, anxiety and depression as seen in Georgias case. In cases of insomnia, one is advised to relax before bed, lower the intake of caffeine or have a strict sleep schedule(Singh, 2016).In Georgias case, it is advised that she should keep a strict sleep schedule for her to relax more and reduce the fatigue. She should also seek foe medication in order to be treated for insomnia. Lastly, it is advisable to always reach out to friends and relatives for social support according to Fang et al (2013). Georgia has very low support which has made her more vulnerable to mental illness. Her parents reside in the Country which is far away from her while her brother is in London. She therefore lacks direct family care and thus brings a feeling of loneliness. She has also declined invitations from friends which show lack of support from the friends (School ofNursing Midwifery, 2017). She therefore should be encouraged to reach out to her friends and be able to communicate with them on her status and reduce the feeling of loneliness and dealing with the situation alone. These approaches will be important in solving her mental and physical ill-health. Recognizing and Responding to Mental Health Condition Mental health illnesses are best diagnosed by a psychiatrist in collaboration with other healthcare professionals. Since there are no definitive physical tests in the diagnosis of mental disorders, symptoms and medical history are used to diagnose them (Weeks et al, 2013). Mental disorders vary in severity and causes thus determining the ways of managing them. Mild disorders can easily be managed by understanding and providing support to the patient (Fang et al, 2013).The more severe ones require the attention of psychologists or psychiatrists. Medications like antidepressants can be used in the treatment of mental illnesses as they reduce anxiety and depression (Ehrlich Dannapfel, 2017).Psychotherapy is also necessary to address the emotional responses to the mental disorder. Cognitive behavior therapy is also advised; which teaches the patient to recognize triggers of anxiety and change the thought patterns in order to avoid panic (Asakura, 2015). The specialists should come up with a mental health care plan. In order to communicate with mentally ill patients it is important to give them time in order express themselves, and listen to all the verbal and non-verbal ques (Greener, 2014). Therefore, the patient or the care-giver should ensure that the diagnosis of the disorder is properly done, know the professional support network, have the relevant information about the disorder and the treatment, know how to give self-care and finally know the danger signs and the relevant responses.It would be best if Georgia would seek family support to manage the anxiety disorder with the help of mental health professionals. Implications of practice of health professionals Implications for practice and/or conclusions that can be drawn from this analysis for health professionals in this field include majorly, the need to adhere to legal and ethical guidelines. These include policy pieces which are aimed at protecting majorly the patient and the health professional as well. One of the ethical and legal obligations is the need for confidentiality in the provision of care. Patients have the right talk to health professionals in complete confidence(Kress et al, 2013). The health professionals can only breach confidence in very few circumstances, especially when the patient poses as a threat to his/ her surroundings. The information of the patient may be given to another person, especially their care givers, with the consent of the patient. For the case of Georgia, her parents can be given information on her health status with her permission. The consent according to (Greener, 2014) should be documented clearly and any changes in its consent should be noted. Secondly, there is the right to treatment for everyone including those with mental disorders. Every mental illness patient has the right to access and get assessed, diagnosed and treated. The health professionals have the duty of giving treatment that will be helpful to the patient. Further, informed consent in the provision of mental health is an imperative issue for professional in this field (Kress et al, 2013). It is the duty of the mental health professional to provide information to the patient regarding the disorder, the treatment options and possible side effect of the options (Asakura, 2015). This helps the patient to give their medical background and also make informed decisions regarding management and treatment of the disorder. It is very important that Georgia is informed of her disorder and the causative agents and well advised on how to manage it. The health professionals should also be made aware of the medical history and family background of Georgia given that the mother has a history with anxiety disorder. In conclusion, mental health has a significant association with physical health and the two should not be treated as separate entities but rather use integrated approaches. Mental health illness can be managed and treated successfully not overlooking the physical health challenges. Georgias case can be managed through social and medical support to avoid severity of the case. References Asakura, S. (2015). Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Social Anxiety Disorder.Anxiety Disorder Research, 7(1), pp.4-17. Bhattacharya, R. and Sambamoorthi, U. (2013). Excess risk of chronic physical conditions associated with obesity and common mental health conditions: Depression and/or anxiety. Value in Health, 16(3), p.A58. Depression and Anxiety Issue Information. (2017).Depression and Anxiety, 34(5), pp.383-389. Ehrlich, C. and Dannapfel, P. (2017). Shared decision making: People with severe mental illness experiences of involvement in the care of their physical health.Mental Health Prevention, 5, pp.21-26. Fang, A., Sawyer, A., Aderka, I. and Hofmann, S. (2013). Psychological treatment of social anxiety disorder improves body dysmorphic concerns. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(7), pp.684-691. Gambini, O. (2016). Psychiatric disorders associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Mental Illness, 8(1). Greener, M. (2014). Managing generalised anxiety disorder.British Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 3(3), pp.100-104. Kress, V., Hoffman, R., Adamson, N. and Eriksen, K. (2013). Informed Consent, Confidentiality, and Diagnosing: Ethical Guidelines for Counselor Practice. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 35(1), pp.15-28. Singh, K. (2016). Nutrient and Stress Management. Journal of Nutrition Food Sciences, 6(4). Spielberg, J., Miller, G., Warren, S., Sutton, B., Banich, M. and Heller, W. (2014). Trans-diagnostic Dimensions Of Anxiety And Depression Moderate Motivation-Related Brain Networks During Goal Maintenance. Depression and Anxiety, 31(10), pp.805-813. Subramaniapillai, M. (2014). Physical Activity and Mental Health.Mental Health and Physical Activity, 7(2), pp.87-88. Talbott, J. (2012). Associations between Physical Activity and Physical and Mental HealthA HUNT 3 Study. Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health, 2012, pp.257-258. Uher, R., Payne, J., Pavlova, B. and Perlis, R. (2013). MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER IN DSM-5: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE AND RESEARCH OF CHANGES FROM DSM-IV.Depression and Anxiety, 31(6), pp.459-471. Versella, M., Potter, C. and Heimberg, R. (2016). Socially-relevant Panic Symptoms in Social Anxiety Disorder. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology. Weeks, J., Howell, A. and Goldin, P. (2013). GAZE AVOIDANCE IN SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER.Depression and Anxiety, 30(8), pp.749-756. WHO (2014). Mental health: A State Of Well-Being. Retrieved on 22/9/2017 at https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/ Wright, K., Lebell, M. and Carleton, R. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety sensitivity, health anxiety, and anxiety disorder symptoms in youth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, pp.35-42. Ying, S. (2015). Research on the Effectiveness of Exercise Therapy Treating Mental Illness. The Open Cybernetics Systemics Journal, 9(1), pp.1539-1543.

Nothins Gonna Stop The Flow Essays - , Term Papers

Nothins Gonna Stop The Flow Nothin's Gonna Stop the Flow ?Yo, do you like these I asked Damian. He was sitting on my bed, disinterestedly watching me model half my wardrobe in front of the mirror. He shrugged, tendrils of smoke creeping from the corners of his mouth. ?I guess.? As he spoke, a huge plume of smoke leapt from his lips, filling the room with a sweet smell. ?Lemme get a hit of that,? I gestured towards the glass pipe. He handed it to me, and I quickly lost interest in finding the right pair of pants. ?You like this I asked him, nodding towards the stereo speakers. Jungle beats were pounding from them. ?Yeah. Did you mix this ?Nah. Chris made it for me.? I returned the colorful bowl to him. My hands, now empty, began to flow in sync with the music. Soon they were dancing in circles around me as my feet led the way. I watched myself in the mirror, satisfied with my body's response to the music. Damien watched approvingly, moving his head in response. ?You gonna go to Burst tonight ?I'm waiting for Chris. He's supposed to spin later, but if he doesn't call me, I think I might just chill on the corner over by Nick's.? ?Well, I'm gonna go pick up a 40 and head down to the park up on 218th in a little bit if you want to come along.? ?Nah. I'm gonna hang around for Chris for a while, but I might stop by later.? ?Alright, cool.? Damien stood up to leave. ?Later,? he said offering me his hand. ?Later.? I joined hands with him and patted his on the back as he made his way to the door. I returned to the mirror almost immediately. I continued to dance in front of it, completely stoned, for what seemed like only a few minutes. By the time the phone's ring interrupted my movement, I was already starting to sweat. ?Yo.? ?What's up It was Chris. ?What's up ?I'll meet you on the avenue in twenty minutes, and we'll jump on the bus.? ?And then take the 7 I asked. ?Yeah. That'll leave us right by Palladium.? ?Alright, later.? Chris and I hung up. I picked a brightly striped shirt off of the heap of clothes on the side of my room and flung it over my sticky shoulders. I pounded down the stairs, ran into the bathroom, and squirted a gob of gel into my hair. Blond spikes poked up in all directions. Perfect. I grabbed my wallet off of the television in the living room and sauntered into the kitchen while tucking it slyly into my back pocket. ?Dad He was sitting at the kitchen table, going over some papers from work. ?What He reacted sharply, as always. ?Can I borrow, like, twenty bucks ?Twenty dollars He questioned me as though I had asked for a thousand. ?Yeah.? ?Where are you going ?Chris' house.? ?And when will you be home ?I don't know. Whenever.? ?Hmm, I see.? He paused. ?And why do you need twenty dollars to go to Chris' house ?I owe him money.? ?For what The questions were killing me. ?Dad! Can I have the money or not?!? I threw my arms out at my sides. He got me so frustrated, I couldn't help shouting. ?My wallet's on the television.? ?Alright,? I sighed, relieved that our conversation was over. I walked back into the living room and located his wallet above the stereo. Unfolding the worn leather, I counted the bills inside. Forty-six dollars. I plucked a twenty and two tens out of the creased material and tucked them into my pocket. He'd never notice. ?Goodnight, ma!? I shouted upstairs. She was probably asleep anyway. She had a lot on her mind these days. I walked outside and was greeted by the sounds of my neighborhood. Police sirens wailed nearby, I could hear the baby next door screaming, and the barking of dogs could be heard coming from every tiny, chain-linked yard on the block. I walked quickly down the street and ducked into the bodega on the corner. I picked up a 40 and walked up to

Civil Right after 1964 essays

Civil Right after 1964 essays Conservatism (1980s Style)- the principles and practices of the Conservative party in United Kingdom. Irangate- a big scandal that was compared to Richard Nixons Watergate scandal, but it raised more troubling issues. It was significant, because it left the role of the president unexplained during the summer of 1987. Mikhail Gorbachev- In 1970 he was elected to the USSR Supreme Soviet; from 1971 till 1991 Gorbachev was a member of the Communist Party Central Committee. He is significant, because he was the last leader in communist party, he symbolizes the end of the communism. Persian Gulf War- a war in which Iran and Iraq had battered each other in a debilitating war. It was significant, because Iraq won a narrow victory over Irans fundamentalism. Anita Hill- a law professor who polarized Senate hearings on the nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court when she accused her former boss of sexual harassment. She was significant, because womens groups were disturbed that the all-made Judiciary Committee had at first kept her allegations private. Elections of 1992-As the election campaign of 1992 began, the incumbent President, George Bush, held a commanding lead in the polls, over any and all potential rivals. It was important because it left the fate of the conservative revolution unresolved. New Immigration- The 6.5 million immigrants who arrived between 1990 and 1998 accounted for 32 percent of the increase in the total U.S. population. It was significant because the reform of the old quota system opened the way for a wave of immigrants unequaled since the beginning of the century. Bill Gates- is chairman and chief software architect of Microsoft Corporation, the worldwide leader in software, services and Internet technologies for personal and business computing. It is important, because Microsoft had revenues of $25.3 billion for the fiscal year ending June 2001, and emplo ...

Trinity University Admissions and Acceptance Rate

Trinity University Admissions and Acceptance Rate Founded in 1869, Trinity University is a small, private university with historic ties to the Presbyterian Church. The university occupies a 117-acre campus of red brick buildings overlooking San Antonio, Texas. Nearby colleges include University of the Incarnate Word  and St. Marys University. Students come from 45 states and 64 countries, and the college has an impressive 9 to 1 student / faculty ratio. Trinitys business programs are the most popular among the schools 47 majors, but the universitys strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned the school a chapter of the prestigious Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society. The university is largely residential with over three-quarters of students living on campus. In athletics, the Trinity Tigers compete in the NCAA Division III Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference (SCAC). Will you get in? Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) Trinity University Acceptance Rate: 41  percentGPA, SAT and ACT graph for TrinityTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 580 / 690SAT Math: 580 / 680What these SAT numbers meanTop Texas colleges SAT comparisonACT Composite: 27 / 31ACT English: 26  / 33ACT Math: 26 / 30What these ACT numbers meanTop Texas colleges ACT comparison Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 2,466  (2,298 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 47% Male / 53% Female98% Full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $39,560Books: $1,000 (why so much?)Room and Board: $12,754Other Expenses: $1,400Total Cost: $54,714 Trinity University Financial Aid (2015 -16) Percentage of Students Receiving Aid: 98 percentPercentage of Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 96 percentLoans: 40  percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $24,049Loans: $9,197 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Communication Studies, Economics, Engineering, English, Finance, History, Marketing, Political ScienceWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 89  percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 68 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 77  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Football, Track and Field, Soccer, Basketball, Baseball, Cross Country, Swimming, TennisWomens Sports:  Swimming, Soccer, Cross Country, Track and Field, Volleyball, Tennis If You Like Trinity University, You May Also Like These Schools: Rice University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBaylor University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTexas Christian University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTexas State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSt Marys University: Profile  University of Houston: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTexas Tech University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Dallas: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDuke University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphVanderbilt University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStanford University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Trinity University Mission Statement: see the complete mission statement at  trinity.edu/departments/academic_affairs/hb/histstr/mission.htm Trinity University is an independent co-educational university whose mission is excellence in the interrelated areas of teaching, research, and service. Trinity seeks to provide broad and intensive educational opportunities primarily to undergraduates in liberal arts and sciences, and in selected professional and pre-professional fields. It also offers a small number of selected high quality graduate programs. Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

New Urbanism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

New Urbanism - Research Paper Example Ryans article seems to be merely reporting, but contains an undercurrent of argument that things will be better by recreating the past in public places with new technology. Although Kunstler, Davis, and Ryan seem at odds with one another, they are arguing for the same thing: the revitalization of an urban America that will increase public happiness by re-integrating people with their environment and one another. James Kunstlers essay is essentially a lament for the America of the past. He makes his point by contrasting the American cities and towns of today with those of the past, with those of France, and with Disneyland. The reason that Americans find Disneyland so popular, he says, is that â€Å"The design quality of Disney World ... is about 1.5 notches better than the average American suburban shopping mall or housing subdivision† (Kunstler ). This is vastly different from the situation in France, where â€Å"the most mediocre French street quarter† is five times better (Kunstler ). The reason for this, Kunstler argues, is that after World War II Americans stopped building things to last. A related problem is that of zoning. Before World War II, zoning did not exist. Instead, people had â€Å"a popular consensus about the right way to assemble a town† (Kunstler ). This resulted in cities that reflected American culture, instead of a meaningless set of laws. As a solution to both problems—the decay of building to last and the rise of soulless zoning laws—Kunstler holds up what he calls Civic Art, but which our textbook calls New Urbanism. He defines the most important part of this movement as the neighborhood, which is â€Å"a five-minute walking distance †¦ from the edge to the center† and where â€Å"wheeled vehicles are permitted, but do not take precedence over human needs, including aesthetic needs† (Kunstler ). Only by moving away from the drab suburban sprawl which fills us with nostalgia and back to

Literary Synthesis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literary Synthesis Paper - Essay Example The modern concept of PTSD has always been with us. It was first officially introduced into the mental health nomenclature-in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III) in 1980 after a hard-won struggle by activist-professionals. During the Vietnam War like Henry many soldiers had to fight an unseen enemy that's eating them inside out. Henry was caught and given the status of Prison of War. Prisoners of war (POW) have been found to have high rates of PTSD. Its been estimated as high as 30 to 70 percent for POWs of World War II and 15 percent for Vietnam veterans have been proposed. The conditions POWs are exposed to are often severe and include captivity, fear, terror, pain, suffering, shame, humiliation, beatings, untreated medical problems, being deprived of food and shelter, forced relocation, excessive work regimes, and witnessing executions. Levels of comorbid conditions are also high, including depression and even neurological impairment. Lyman though not a doctor tried to control his brother's emotions and treated him as a normal person. Treatment for veterans is unique in several keys way. To begin with, research indicates that overall, treatment is less beneficial for veterans; they come to treatment much longer after the initial trauma and have a more complex presentation, higher levels of comorbidity, and higher levels of social and occupational dysfunction. Those veterans with PTSD currently serving in the military present another complex group, and treatment suggestions include focusing on increasing coping and resilience factors and preventing relapse. Veterans may also have a tendency to focus on somatic complaints. Without any knowledge about disorder Lyman helped his brother way out in a cognitive manner. Most of the Vietnam War veterans suffered from PTSD. Cognitive therapy is built on an information-processing model of psychology, viewing pathology as a consequence of systematic biases in the processing of information. In essence, the mediating role of thinking between stimulus and behavior is the critical point of change and alteration in cognitive therapy. Errors in thinking and the processing of information, be it environmental or more internal in nature, are the targets of therapy. Many different concepts and terms are used to characterize and describe thinking and dysfunctional cognitions in cognitive therapy, such as schemas, automatic thoughts, conditional assumptions, maladaptive cognitions, and cognitive distortions. A specific type of cognitive errors characterizes different classes of mental disorders. Henry used cognitive method to treat his brother without any knowledge that he was treating his brother. Henry used to get irritated at minute disturbances and in one scenario he bitten his lip and blood oozing out. It didn't effected Henry. Behavior therapy emphasizes the unlearning of maladaptive or problem behavior and the acquisition of more adaptive and healthy behavior. Therapists attempt this with a number of techniques, including behavior modification, guided imagery, role-playing, self-monitoring, relaxation training, progressive relaxation, behavioral rehearsal, activity scheduling, and exposure techniques. Behavior therapy works in many ways

Childhood Christmas to Adulthood Christmas Essay Example for Free

Childhood Christmas to Adulthood Christmas Essay Christmas as a child for me was very fun. I got many presents from Santa as well as many from relatives. Christmas was probably my favorite holiday of the year, to me it meant that if I was good enough Santa would bring me presents. Most of the time I was very good and never got into trouble. In my family when you go from childhood to adulthood it becomes a big deal. For starters you open presents with the adults. You also don’t have to worry about leaving with the other kids while the adults open presents. Seeing that I do not have kids I am sort of at a mid point of whether or not to look forward to this holiday. One of the many reasons I love Christmas is because my grandmother makes the best food. There is more food than any of us can eat and we have leftovers for days. My grandma makes most of the food and some people bring a favorite dessert. All of the food is set out on the dinning room table buffet style. We gather around to bless the food and then us kids get our plates first, most kids are picky I sure was at that age. You couldn’t hardly get me to eat anything as a kid so my plate was full of mashed potatoes and gravy, stuffing, rolls and probably green beans since I was not much of a turkey eater as a youngster. After we filled our plates with food we are free to eat wherever we please and since we are kids we normally go down into the basement away from the adults. After we eat then the dessert comes out. My favorite dessert would have to be pumpkin pie with cool whip on top. I could probably scarf down a whole pan of that stuff. There are only a few people in my family that like pumpkin pie so all of the leftover pie went to me. Every year we have Christmas lunch and presents at my grandparents house in Atwater California. My grandparents house is huge, they built it sometime before I was born. It is a three story house not including the attic, the first floor has a bathroom, living room, dinning room, and kitchen which has a door leading to the huge basement that could be more living space if needed. Then you have the second floor, that has three bedrooms, an office and 2 bathrooms. I love having Christmas at this house because it is the almost the perfect size for everyone to fit. My family’s very funny, they love to joke around with people. They are also very laid back and always on schedule. Every year we have almost the same people during the holidays. A few years ago we lost my great grandma and my great grandpa a few months after that. Four years ago my aunt Nikki and her husband Gary left for Georgia because that is where he got stationed. My eldest sister Elysebeth got married and has two children and they join us for family holidays. Some of my moms side of the family comes and that’s when things get loud considering we are very obnoxious and you basically need a hearing aid to hear anything. Over the past seven years I have gotten used to the change from childhood to Adulthood Christmas. I thought it was so cool to finally open presents with the adults. A few years went by and I started realizing that the transition was not exactly what I had been hoping for, and I did not want to be with the adults but by then it was to late so I got ov er it. Its not as fun as it used to be but I try to do the best I can for the little ones in the family who still believe in Santa. The downside of the food as an adult is that you have to wait for all the kids to get done filling there plates before you can fill yours. Yes, that sounds greedy but I love my food! Something that can also be a downside is where to sit, at this point all the little kids want to sit up at the table right next to you. The only problem with that is there are not enough seats for everyone to sit right next to you. So you have to be the bad guy and tell someone no. The setback about having Christmas at my grandparents house is that there are a lot of people and it can become crowded and overwhelming. From children running around to presents spread out everywhere. Everyone is either sitting in a chair, on the floor or standing up because there is no where to sit. With everyone catching up and bonding the walls sometimes echo and it’s to cold to have be in the backyard. A fly in the ointment for me about there being a lot of people is that I now start buying presents for everyone, which normally isn’t a bad thing because I love buying things for people but I have an enormous family. When you count all of us together during this holiday there is a total of about eighteen, which is a lot of money to spend! Over the span of time since I have joined the adults in the opening of presents has made me realize that it isn’t necessarily about the gifts. Its being thankful for what you have and the people around you. The  overall exp erience for is a great one because it brings family together and shows you what the holidays are really about rather than just opening presents, eating and leaving. I love my family and I wouldn’t trade them for the world.

Poverty In America: Native American Tribes Essay -- Essays on Poverty

         As a White American, I have been virtually unaware of the harsh living conditions that Native Americans have been enduring. This past summer I was fishing and camping at a resort in northwestern Minnesota with my family. I realized that this resort was located on the White Earth Indian Reservation. As I drove around the towns that the resort was near, I saw that the Native Americans were terribly poverty-stricken. Besides the resort that my family and I were staying at and a small casino that was nearby, most of the buildings and houses were in poor condition. The majority of the houses were trailers and not something that I would call â€Å"livable.† This raised a few questions in my mind: Why are people on Indian reservations living this way and what other things besides housing are Native Americans lacking? As I began research on these questions, I found three major issues. Poverty, health, and education are three tribulations that, at this point, remain broken on American Indian reservations.   Although poverty rates on some reservations are getting better because of gambling enterprises and natural resources, most reservations have unusually high poverty rates. In 2000, the poverty rate of the entire United States was about 11.3%. Compare that to a 25.9% poverty rate for Native Americans living on reservations. The poverty rate of Native Americans in 2000 was higher than the peak of the poverty rate of the Great Depression, which was 21.7% (Native American Statistics†).  Ã‚  This statistic alone shows that Native Americans are not doing well financially. Location is a significant factor that determines how economically well certain reservations are doing. Reservations that are located in places with abundant natural resources and near metropolitan  areas,  tend to do better than reservations in remote areas. This is because with more resources available and more people to support businesses, the economy is more likely to thrive. For reservations that are located in places with few resources and in remote areas, there is a lack of opportunity. Jobs are less available and the unemployment rate is high.  Ã‚  This pertains to most reservations in the United States (Alvarez). In the United States, the unemployment rate in 2010 was 9.6%. The unemployment rate for Native Americans in the same year was 21.3% (â€Å"Labor Force Statistics†). Not only is there a dramati... ...eb.  20 Sept. 2012. . "American Indian & Alaska Native Populations."  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  n.d.  Web.  19 Sept. 2012. . Bouchard, Jen. "Native American Education and Employment."  Suite101.com.  N.p.,  n.d.  Web.  18 Sept. 2012. . "Labor Force Statistics."  Bureau of Labor Statistics Data.  N.p.,  n.d.  Web.  21 Sept. 2012. . "Living Conditions | American Indian Relief Council."  Living Conditions | American Indian Relief Council.  N.p.,  n.d.  Web.  20 Sept. 2012. . "Native American Statistics."  N.p.,  n.d.  Web.  21 Sept. 2012. . "Status and Trends in the Education of American Indians and Alaska Natives."  National Center for Educational Statistics.  N.p.,  n.d.  Web.  18 Sept. 2012. .

Source Analysis Us History

Assignment: 1. ) Read the following document, â€Å"Another Race of White Men Come Amongst Us†: Native American Views as British Replace the French in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 1765 2. ) Answer the following questions based on a reading of the above document and material from your textbook. ——————————————– 1. ) TYPE OF DOCUMENT: Is this a primary or a secondary source? -Primary 2. ) DATE(S) OF DOCUMENT: When was this document created? -It was created shortly after the British replaced the French in the Lower Mississippi Valley in 1765 3. ) AUTHOR (OR CREATOR) OF THE DOCUMENT: Who created this document? Alibamon Mingo, elderly leader of the Choctaw nation 4. ) DOCUMENT INFORMATION (There are many possible ways to answer A-E. ) A. List three things the author said that you think are important: 1. I think it’s important to know that the French gave them guns and oth er things to make hunting bountifully better for them as they embarked on their lands trying to make peace with the â€Å"red man† buying their trust and loyalty in relationships between the two races and culture. Mingo was grateful for this as it provided many ways of life for his tribe to survive. This is important because it marked a great peace trade between French and Indians. . With respect to the Land I was not Consulted in it, if I was to deliver my Sentiments evil disposed People might impute it to Motives very different from those which actuate me, it is true the Land belonged chiefly to those who have given it away; that the Words which were Spoken have been written with a Lasting Mark, the Superintendant marks every word after word as one would count Bullets so that no variation can happen, & therefore the words have been Spoken and the eternal marks traced I will not Say anything to contradict, but, on the Contrary Confirm the Cession which has been made.What I h ave now to Say on that head is, to wish that all the Land may be Settled in four years that I may See it myself before I die. 3. â€Å"There was one thing I would mention tho' it cannot concern myself, & that is the Behaviour of the traders towards our Women† â€Å"often when the Traders sent for a Basket of Bread & the Generous Indian sent his own wife to Supply their wants instead of taking the Bread out of the Basket they put their hand upon the Breast of their Wives which was not to be admitted, for the first maxim in our Language is that Death is preferable to disgrace. Men who did not honor the authority usually treated Indian women with dirspect and used them for their own sexual expectations. It was normal for British men to take Indian women and marry them. I supposed this is how is started. 5. ) FRANCE/ENGLAND/NATIVE AMERICANS Your textbook discusses how Native Americans developed different relations with the French and the English (Chapter 6, pp. 162-167). Read ov er that section of your book to answer the following questions. A. Although Native Americans were not mentioned in the 1763 Treaty of Paris that ended the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War), how did this treaty affect indigenous peoples who lived in Canada and areas east of the Mississippi River? -Britain gained control of Canada, eliminating the French threat from the North. France transferred all its territory west of the Mississippi River, including New Orleans to Spain as compensation for help during the war. B. ) What type of political/economic relationship did the French establish with Native Americans prior to 1763? The French had cemented respectful alliances with many Indian tribes. To Indians, gifts cemented social relationships, symbolizing honor and establishing obligation. The French had mastered the subtleties of gift exchange, distributing textiles and hats and receiving calumets (ceremonial pipes) in return. Generous givers expressed dominance and protec tion, not subordination, in the ceremonial practices of giving. C. ) According to your textbook (pp. 162-167), why didn’t the British believe in exchanging gifts with Native Americans (as the French had done)? From the British view, a generous gift might signify tribute (thus demeaning the giver), or it might be positioned as a bribe. They never indented to gain the friendship of Indians by presents. D. ) What caused Pontiac’s Rebellion of 1763? – The renewal of commitment to Indian ways and the formation of tribal alliances led to open warfare. Pontiac's Rebellion was a war waged by Indians of the Great Lakes region against British rule after the French and Indian War. The Indians, who had formed alliances with the defeated French, were dissatisfied with treatment from British officials.Unlike the Indian's French allies, British officials entrusted with Indian relations refused to offer gifts to tribal leaders such as guns, gunpowder, and ammunition. Furthermor e, English settlers began displacing Indians from their land. While French settlers and Indians seemed to live in relative harmony, the sheer number of English settlers that descended on the region prompted many Indians to support war. 6. ) Did Alibamon Mingo, the leader of the Choctaw nation, appear to look forward to future relations with the British (in the year 1765)? 7. ) LAND OWNERSHIP A. Did Alibamon Mingo think that once land treaties were signed with the British that Native Americans would no longer have access to those lands? -No he did not think that B. ) Did Native Americans view land ownership differently than Europeans? If so, in what way? – Yes. They viewed it as a place of abundance for food, clothing, and housing options for their way of living. He thought that the land, whether it forcefully taken or negotiated to share, that no matter what it still solely belonged to those who were there first. â€Å"it is true the Land belonged chiefly to those who have g iven it away†

Mycenaean Civilization

The first great civilization on mainland Greece actually bloomed in the demise of the Minoan Civilisation. The Mycenaean Civilisation (1900 – 1100 BC) is also known as the Achaean Civilisation. This is due to the Indo-European migrants, who not only settled on mainland Greece but also adapted to the Minoan way of living. Independent city-states such as Pylos, Corinth and of course Mycenae which was the most powerful of them all, was a characteristic of the Mycenaean Civilisation. Mycenae was also the city of the legendary figure Agamemnon, who was one of the leaders who defeated Troy. These city-states were ruled by kings, whose palaces were on hilltops, enclosed within huge walls, which were very easy to defend. Mycenae with its impressive Gate of Lions became the dominating power in the Peloponese. These palaces soon appeared all over Greece, but unlike those on Crete, these were all huge fortifications and much more difficult to penetrate. As with the Cycladic Civilisation, an impressive legacy was also left by the Mycenaean Civilisation in the form of gold jewellery and ornaments. A collection of these treasures can be seen at the National Archaeological Musuem in Athens. The Mycenaean were also literate and wrote in a script known as Linear B. This script is an early form of Greek which is unrelated from Linear A from the Minoan Civilisation of Crete. It has however been deciphered. Other examples of the script Linear B have also been found on Crete, which has led to the possibility that the island may have been invaded by the Mycenaean people at around 1500 BC. At around 1400 BC the palace of Knossos was destroyed on Crete, as well as destruction all over the island. This wide spread destruction has led many to believe that Crete was not attacked by a foreign force, but that a revolt against the Mycanaean rulers had probably taken place. Mycenaean artifacts have also been discovered in Italy, Eygpt, Asia Minor and North Syria. It is likely that they had permanent strongholds in some of these places as their influence seems so strong. The defeat of Troy was accomplished with the Mycenaean city-states joining together to protect their Black Sea trade routes. During 1200 BC the decline of the civilization had began, with many Mycenaean structures being destroyed. The situation now in Greece was very similar to the one that had happened on Crete following the destruction of Knossos. It is difficult to grasp at how all of the city-states actually declined. Some have put forward that due to trade with the east stopping, many overseas settlements were lost. Others believe that along with factors such as famine and epidemics, internal battles and overpopulation, the reason was when the civilization was overtaken by the Dorians.

The Monopoly Essays - Imperfect Competition, Market Structure

The Monopoly Essays - Imperfect Competition, Market Structure The Monopoly a) Using Australian examples describe the characteristics of the two of the following forms: Monopoly Oligopoly The main characteristics of an oligopoly are: ? The market is dominated by only a few companies, which are relatively large. ? The production of identical products which are similar. ? There are significant barriers to entry. ? The interdependence of production decisions within the market. An Oligopoly market exists in which a small number of firms dominate the supply to an entire market. Each firm producers a very similar product. In Australia the oligopoly is the major market form. It is because Australia is so small market located far from overseas markets and this thus requires producers to be larger, so they are more competitive. There are hundreds of examples of oligopolistic industries, e.g. cars (Holden), breakfast cereals (Kellogs) This market form does not only depend on the larger producers, but the recognition of their interdependence, the action of one producer will affect the actions of others and each oligopoly firm watches their rivals closely. Oligopolies compete fiercely for market share, therefore the competition for existing or new consumes is intense, as each producers products are very similar. As a result oligopolists have little influence over price. For example Shells petrol is very similar to Mobil petrol, therefore these two companies watch each other closely. Oligopoly firms attempt to make their products different in the eyes of consumers. This can be achieved in many different ways. Firstly by providing quality improvements in goods or services such as electrical sound equipment, secondly by different packaging or wrapping, thirdly by bonus offers or prizes on purchase, for example Just Jeans offering free sunglasses. The more product differentiation among oligopoly firms, there is a more chance of each firm has being independent from its rivals when setting price or output. It is hard for new firms with a small market share to enter the oligopoly market and produce enough to make the product cheap for consumers to buy. The small amount of large firms can often produce large amounts of quantity to provide for all consumers to purchase. It is difficult for new firms to win market shares form existing producers, particularly if those firms have large advertising budgets, licenses, design patents or restrict access to raw materials on one way or another. Oligopoly is a market structure, which is especially vulnerable to restrictive trade practices. The main characteristics of a pure monopoly are: ? Only one seller within the market. ? The goods produced have no close substitutes. ? There are extreme barriers to entry. ? Complete control over price. A monopoly is an industry in which there is one supplier of a good or service that has no close substitute and in which there is a barrier preventing new firms to enter. The supply of water and gas are local monopolies, while Australia Post, B.H.P and C.S.R. are examples of national monopolies. As there is only on supplier, the firms can chose where on the demand curve the industry will operate. They can either determine the price or the quantity traded. Either they can sell less at a higher price or sell more at a lower price; therefore their decision is based on maximizing their total profits. The key feature of a monopoly is the existence of barriers preventing the entry of new firms. It is once the firm has entry the market system that is losses the advantage of monopoly control. Some barriers to entry may include; control over vital raw materials, tariff protection from importers, protective government legislation, temporarily low price to force out competition and large research and development budgets to help monopolists maintain their technological advantages over potential rivals. As there is no existence of competition, advertising is mainly focused on public relations or sponsorship of major sports events. b) How effectively do the two markets forms that you described in part a meet the criteria for a successful market? A market system exists when producers and consumers interact with one another. For a successful market system to exist the following criteria needs to be meet: does the market? Deliver lower prices, provide greater choice, encourage improvements in the quality of the goods and services traded, encourage the implementation of new

Lucas Carlson Think bigger for your books Reedsy

Lucas Carlson Think bigger for your books Reedsy â€Å"Think Bigger For Your Books†: An Interview with Lucas Carlson As you know, we are big believers in authors looking outside the publishing world for marketing inspiration, and what better world than the startup one to find â€Å"growth-hacking† ideas? After interviewing startup mentor and venture capitalist Sean Wise last week on what he and Brad Feld are doing to promote their new book, we thought we would sit down and chat with an actual startup founder and author. So today, we’re interviewing Lucas Carlson, hybrid author of Finding Success In Failure, the Ruby Cookbook and Programming for PaaS. Also CIO of CenturyLinkLabs and founder and CEO of AppFog.We discuss how non-fiction books can bring the author much more through their unexpected upsides than through the sales themselves. We also touch on Facebook, Twitter, Google ads and how to calculate your ROI (Return On Investment) for those. As usual, the lovers of the written word will find a transcript of the key takeaways just below! The value of your book goes beyond its salesâ€Å"One of the things that I didn’t realize about writing non-fiction is how you can take advantage of the books themselves in ways that you never expected. I’ve published three books so far, two traditionally and one was indie published, and the main thing that I got out of each one of them - even if they sold pretty well - wasn’t the book sales, but it was the optional things that happened outside of the book sales themselves.For example, after being a programmer for a long time I became an entrepreneur, and I started a company to help other programmers get their software on the cloud a lot easier. One of the things I didn’t expect when writing my programming book a few years before that, was how much the reputation that writing a book gives you helps you when you’re trying to raise $10 million from venture capitalists.Also, my second book, Programming for PaaS, didn’t sell as well as my firs t one. However, it’s brought me speaking opportunities that have much more return in terms of absolute dollar figures than the book sales ever had.So as an indie author, what really means the most to me is just getting my words in front of as many people as possible. Not necessarily in order to monetize the book itself, but because I have personally experienced multiple times in my life how much the optionality - the unexpected upside - can change your life. You can’t plan for these things: I didn’t know I was going to start a company when I wrote my first book. But you can cultivate this upside optionality by making sure your book gets in front of as many people as possible.†Indie authors have more flexibility and a bigger financial cushion to acquire readersâ€Å"The onus is on you whether you are traditionally published or indie published. The difference, though, is that if you’re self-published, you are getting 8 times more money every time you sell a book. So you are much more incentivized and, more importantly, it gives you much more flexibility.You are the decision-maker behind your marketing choices, which means you don’t have to ask anyone for permission if you want to run a giveaway or promotion. Moreover, indie publishing gives you more of a cushion to do certain things. When your margins are 70% of sales instead of 10%-15% of 70%, you can actually afford yourself to go and try doing Twitter ads, Facebook ads, Google ads. The cost per click (CPC) can usually be between $0.15 and $1, and if you’re selling a book for $4 and getting 70% of that, you can definitely afford to give away a third or a fourth of your revenue on the sale in order to attract a new reader.That’s not possible if you’re traditionally published: you don’t have enough of a cushion, so you depend on the publisher to do a lot of the advertising for you; but they’re not going to, because they don’t thi nk that way.†How to use social ads to target the right set of ‘customers’â€Å"Before Facebook and Twitter, when you had only Google, people were searching for search terms but you didn’t know what kind of person was searching.If you haven’t tried advertising with Twitter and Facebook, I highly suggest you give it a try. My book is Finding Success in Failure and it’s directed at people who want to start, or have started businesses, so I try to get into the mind of those people: usually, they like to watch Shark Tank. It doesn’t matter if you’re on Twitter or Facebook, you can actually target the people who watch Shark Tank via those social networks.You can be very, very specific about the kinds of people you’re after, to make sure you target an audience that is already predisposed to your books and products. This works better, of course, for non-fiction than fiction, and I’m actually finishing my first novel, so Ià ¢â‚¬â„¢m not going to do Facebook ads and Twitter ads for my novel, because to me it doesn’t make sense. I might play with it, just to see, targeting Dan Brown readers for example, but I don’t think it’s going to work.Amazon themselves have an advertising program where you can pay for your book to show up on other books’ pages. All of these are things that are much easier for me to play with as an indie author because of the cushions I mentioned.†Think bigger: include upside optionalities in your ROI calculationsâ€Å"It’s important to understand how you want to measure your return. If you measure it just in book sales, if you’re lucky you might just break even†¦ But if you think about the bigger picture, every reader you acquire is a potential reader of your future books. So the question becomes: what is the lifetime cost and the lifetime revenue of that reader? This is a very â€Å"startupy† way of thinking about recurri ng revenue software businesses, but it can totally be applied to an author who publishes regularly. You can almost think of it as a subscription model for your true fans.Even bigger than that, if you think that you can get speaking opportunities or further your career - if you can monetize your book in ways completely outside your readership itself - then the â€Å"Return† part of your â€Å"Return On Investment† (ROI) gets much bigger, thus giving you a bigger cushion to play around with marketing strategies.You’re not necessarily advertising to sell your book, you might be advertising to raise awareness around yourself and your brand across the world, to attract new opportunities.If you have that faith, then you do everything possible to spread the word about your book.†Capture the readers you get to turn them into lifetime customersâ€Å"Find people who have built fantastic platforms, who have captured their audiences and successfully turned a reader ship into an actively engaged audience, and read their work. If you need a starting point, read Secrets of the Millionaire Mind  and see what he does and how he does it. Ramit Sethi is another: take a look at his work, start reading it and see what it does to you.Study other people’s platforms and see not only what has worked, but what resonates with you. A lot of the time some things are not going to work for every author. Not everyone wants to do a podcast or prepare online courses.†Follow Lucas and Reedsy on Twitter: @cardmagic  and  @ReedsyHQWhat do you think about Lucas’ mindset for non-fiction books? Is it to risky to invest in the books, or to heavily discount them, in the hope they will bring more than sales? Have you tried social ads (Facebook, Twitter)? Leave us your thoughts, or any question for Lucas, in the comments below!

Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Information System - Essay Example Essentially, ICT ensures people are freed from restrictions of personification, leading to advanced solution. As a matter of fact, Information and Communications Technology levels the playing field. Nonetheless, the relationship between information technology and access is remarkable. As innovations become smaller, quicker and less expensive, technology becomes simpler to utilize and obtain. Nevertheless, the information and communications technology gap is not about accessing technology, but the deeper hidden implications of access. At the end of the day, the politics of IT is that access to IT is more than a divergence between of "haves" and the poor. For example, despite the fact that Information and Communication Technology is ordinarily associated with access and inclusion, modernization of technology can create isolation of individuals, making particular types of social segregation. Discrimination can happen in subtler ways. ICT, for example, benefits specific ways of living, which are founded in standardizing, societal, communal and monetary practices, further advanced in the structu re, production, showcasing and usage of technology. The internet, specifically, seems to offer the guarantee of free-streaming worlds where character, exemplification, and subjectivity can be designed and refashioned without restraint (Goggin and Newell, 2003). In online connections, the postmodern individual can decide to possess distinctive sexual orientations, racial foundations, and sexualities. Bodily properties, as well, can be deliberately made in online connections – permitting people to gain and, naturally, shed them. The postmodern Internet then gets to be all the more a decision than a fixed reality. Accordingly, information technology guarantees new realities where substantial confinements can be risen above, and new flexibilities discovered mostly for individuals with handicaps, who are viewed as exceptional recipients of technology (Goggin and

American Revolution Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Revolution - Term Paper Example The American Revolution, which took place from 1775 to 1783, can be considered as a remarkable event in the United States history (Fiske 2009, p. 26). The revolution played a significant role as it brought the United States into existence. As a result of the revolution, the United States gained independence from the oppressive British rule. During the political upheaval that accompanied the American Revolution in the second half of the 18th century, thirteen colonies from the North of America joined together. These colonies broke from the British Empire and combined to become the United States of America. First, the colonies turned down the authority of the Great Britain Parliament, which aimed at governing them overseas and denied them representation. This lack of representation made the states condemn the oppressive British rule, and they worked extremely hard to get rid of it (Wood 2002, p. 34). The introduction of new taxes can be regarded as a significant cause of the revolution. Since the British government wanted to come up with ways of generating income, it made a decision to levy new taxes on the colonies. These taxes could be used to offset the high costs of defense incurred by the Great Britain. For example, the Sugar Act of 1764 introduced a three pence tax for every gallon of molasses. The act also included a list of the goods that could be exported to the Great Britain. Contrary to other previous acts, this act had to be strictly enforced; this placed a heavy burden on the colonies and led to enormous economic downturns (McNeese 2003, p. 42). The â€Å"taxation without representation† triggered the onset of the revolution as colonial leaders complained of lacking members of Parliament to represent the interest of Americans. Further, the implementation of the currency act worsened the situation 2in the United States; the act prohibited the printing of paper money by the colonies. A number of

Merit Pay For Teachers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Merit Pay For Teachers - Research Paper Example (3) Pay for performance, or merit pay, for teachers can solve both problems. â€Å"Money plays a major role in educating America’s students,† state Kaplan and Owings in American Education: Building for a Common Foundation. â€Å" For the 2008-2009 school year, nation-wide public education at all levels cost one trillion dollars...When it comes to quality education, we as a society can pay now or we can pay later...It is a critical investment in a community’s—and our nation’s—infrastructure.† (Kaplan 2010) Assuming that we want to take the wiser course and pay now, thus avoiding future economic catastrophes, one of the things we need to do is to increase teachers’ salaries while also encouraging them to be more effective in the classroom. Texas Six years ago student scores at Audelia Creek Elementary School in Richardson, Texas, were among the worst in the district. More than a third of the teachers left. Now, thanks to TAP, the Teacher Advancement Program, Audelia’s students have some of the highest scores and teachers seek to work at Audelia. TAP is a national teacher evaluation and training program that includes annual cash bonuses for high-performing teachers. Teachers of each grade level meet regularly and are led by a master teacher who trains and evaluates them. One meeting, for example, focused entirely on how to teach students to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. â€Å"It’s not the sandwich, it’s the process,† the principal explained. For a teacher to know whether a student understands a reading assignment, she needs to ask the student to re-tell the material. But that's not a process that comes naturally to many kids. So the teacher has to "pre-tell," modeling the steps that students would take to organize their thoughts in order to re-tell material they've heard. For the Richardson district, teachers who hit the minimum TAP targets get an extra $2,000. But the b onus could be as much as $3,500. Over the past two years, most of Richardson's TAP teachers got around $2,800. "It's the best teaching model I have ever seen," one teacher said. "But it's not for the faint-hearted." In 2010 Audelia was awarded the annual $50,000 TAP Founder's Award by the California-based National Institute for Excellence in Teaching. The State of Texas gave its blessing to districts to find their own ways to strive for excellence. District Awards for Teacher Excellence (DATE) programs were first implemented in Texas districts during the 2008-09 school year. The program is currently in its third year of operation with approximately $197 million in annual state funding. All districts in the state are eligible to receive grants, but participation is voluntary. The National Center on Performance Incentives at Vanderbilt University found that student achievement has improved and teacher turnover has declined in schools participating in the Texas state-funded DATE progra ms. Colorado Denver’s move forward in 2005 has been called both â€Å"the nation’s most ambitious teacher pay plan† and â€Å"making pure dumb luck work.† In 1990 the Board of Education first negotiated into labor agreements the formation of committees to study merit pay. There was not much enthusiasm. On November 1, 2005, Denver voters approved a $25 million property tax increase tied to ProComp, a program of merit pay for teachers. ProCamp has four components: student growth, market

Review of downsizing and its impact on employees

Review of downsizing and its impact on employees This chapter provides a review of downsizing and its impacts on employees. The main objective of this chapter is to provide readers with a picture of the theories applied in such studies. Furthermore, empirical studies specifically associated with the downsizing context and theories applied in this study will be examined too. Finally, the aim of this literature review is to find the research gaps in previous studies and how this study will close these gaps. There are eight main sections depicted in this chapter. First, a general review pertaining to downsizing will be discussed. This section mainly deals with the issues of organizational downsizing strategies, the expected and actual economic impacts of downsizing and the empirical studies which have explored the impacts of organizational downsizing on surviving employees (managers and non-managers). The second section deals with one of the main theories applied in this research which is the stress and coping model by Lazarus and Folkman (1984). Third, six models of turnover and retention will be explored in this chapter. Two models of employee turnover and retention which are Lee and Mitchells (1994) the unfolding model of turnover and Mitchell et al.s (2001) job embeddedness model are two of the main theories applied in this research. Subsequently, empirical studies which employed these two models will be discussed. Then, few empirical studies associated with turnover intention and voluntary turnover specifically in downsizing context will be discussed. The seventh section of this chapter deals with two work-related stressors, namely job insecurity and role overload experienced by survivors following an organizational downsizing and their influences on turnover intention. Finally, the conclusion of this chapter deals with the research gaps identified from the literature review and how this research will close these gaps. 2.1 DOWNSIZINg A large amount of the research on organizational downsizing that has emerged over the past 25 years has entered on two main research questions as identified by Datta et al. (2010). They were (1) What precipitates employee downsizing? and (2) What are the effects of downsizing from the standpoint of individual attitudes/behavior and organizational performance? (Datta et al., 2010). The main focus of this section is the effects of downsizing on individual employees attitudes and behaviors. First of all, the downsizing strategies employed by organizations will be examined. The second section will briefly summarize the anticipated and actual economic impacts on downsized organizations. Finally, empirical studies pertaining to the impacts of organizational downsizing on surviving employees (managers and non-managers) will be discussed. 2.1.1 Downsizing Strategies Three forms of downsizing implementation strategies have been identified: workforce reduction, organization redesign, and systemic strategy (Gandolfi, 2008). The workforce reduction strategy focused on headcount reduction and employed tactics such as layoffs, retrenchments, early retirements, natural attrition, hiring freeze, buy-out packages, transfers, and out-placement. Second, work redesign strategy concentrated on reducing work itself instead of cutting the number of employees. It included tactics such as phasing out functions, hierarchical levels, departments or divisions, redesigning tasks and consolidating units. Third, the systemic strategy emphasized on the organizational culture and the attitudes and values of its employees. Previous studies have shown that most organizations practiced workforce reduction strategies to downsized company (Gandolfi, 2005), while layoffs were the most common way to downsize (Mishra Mishra, 1994). 2.1.2 The Expected and Actual Economic Consequences of Downsizing Organizations adopted downsizing for a number of reasons, the most common reason was to improve efficiency, effectiveness and the productivity in the organizations (Cascio, 1993; Kets de Vries Balazs, 1997; Mone, 1994; Savery Luks, 2000). While efficiency concerned an organizations ability to do things better, effectiveness entailed an organizations ability to do the right things in order to survive (Budros, 1999). Beneficial consequences in terms of cost savings considerations were among the expected outcomes of organizations downsized (Cascio, Young, Morris, 1997). De Meuse, Venderheiden and Bergmann (1994) mentioned that organizations reduced employment costs by cutting employees who were not performing well. According to Cascio (1993) and Kets de Vries and Balazs (1997), expected economic benefits included lower expense ratios, increased return of investment, higher profits and stock prices. Another economic benefit resulted from organizations was being able to increase value for their shareholders (Cascio, 1993; Cascio et al., 1997; De Meuse et al., 1994). Additionally, other benefits as a result from downsizing included lower overhead, smoother communication, increased entrepreneurship, and heightened productivity (Cascio, 1993; Kets de Vries Balazs, 1997). In addition, Mone (1994) suggested that benefits may also be realized in the forms of lower average salaries for the less senior surviving work force, fewer management layer and flatter organizational structures. Finally, downsizing helped organizations to remain competitive in the increasingly global marketplace (Ugboro, 2006). As per Cascio et al. (1997) downsized organizations should be able to lower their labor cost, and as a result in increased earnings or to control product prices to improve competitiveness. As such, organizations have been urged to become lean and mean through downsizing activities, by took into account costs and other competitive consideration on national and international level (Appelbaum, Simpson, Shapiro, 1987, p. 68). Irrespective of the intended benefits as mentioned above, the general consequences of the economic impact of downsizing were negative (Budros, 1999; De Meuse et al., 1994; Gandolfi, 2008). Although a few organizations have reported increased financial performance; however, majority of the downsized organizations have reported decreased levels of efficiency, effectiveness, productivity and profitability (Gandolfi, 2008). Even though downsizing is used as a cost reduction strategy by organizations, there was evidence that downsizing does not decreased costs as desired. On the contrary, costs may actually increase in some cases (McKinley, Sanchez, Schick, 1995). A number of hard-to-quantify costs were listed, including costs of quality as a result of increased rework, scrap, inspection and overtime costs for surviving employees whose workload increased and forgone new business opportunities as they did not have the resources to take on the new work (Mabert Schemenner, 1997). Mirvis (1 997) cited that over one third of the downsizing organizations that were surveyed reported that unexpected increased in number of temporary workers and consultants and the need for surviving employees to work overtime and to be retrained. Moreover, Bruton, Keels, and Shook (1996) reported that the stock price for downsized organizations decreased after two years of downsizing. In a recent study by Yu and Park (2006) which analyzed financial data of 258 listed Korean firms between 1997 and 2002, downsizing organizations suffered more financial difficulties than organizations that did not downsized. Downsizing resulted in an increase in the organizations profits and efficiency but no effects on employee productivity. Furthermore, there was some evidence to suggest that those organizations which had downsized reported lower measures of profitability than those did not (Carswell, 2005; Mentzer, 1996). Empirical studies also found that downsizing had a negative impact on corporate reputation (Love Kraatz, 2009; Zyglidopoulos, 2005). Gandolfi (2008) contend the following statements in review of available studies: Most firms adopted downsizing strategies did not reap economic and organizational benefits; Non-downsized firms financially outperformed downsized forms in the short-, medium- and long-run (Macky, 2004; Morris, Cascio, Young., 1999); While some firms had shown positive financial outcomes, there was no empirical evidence to suggest a correlation between downsizing and improved financial performance (Macky, 2004; Morris et al., 1999); Some firms have reported positive financial indicators in the short term, yet the long-term financial consequences of downsizing have been shown to be consistently negative. 2.1.3 Impacts of Downsizing on Surviving Employees This section will examine the impacts of organizational downsizing on two categories of employees, namely managers and non-managers. 2.1.3.1 Impacts on Surviving managers A number of studies were conducted to identify the impacts of downsizing on managers (e.g. Dopson, Risk, Stewart, 1992; Thomas Dunkerley, 1999; Thomas Linstead, 2002). The literature below will review empirical studies concerning impacts on surviving managers as consequences of organizational downsizing. Foremost, three main aspects were identified which are longer working hour and intensified work regimes, wider roles and responsibilities, and managerial career. Subsequently, surviving managers attitudes toward organizational downsizing will be explored too. Longer Working Hours and Intensified Work Regimes Thomas and Dunkerley (1999) conducted a study to examine the UK middle managers experiences of downsizing and to discover how these experiences influenced their roles and nature of middle management. Data collection was divided into two phases. Phase one comprised of a 50 case-study organizations, involving interviews with key managers (senior line and HR) and middle managers. While phase two involved in-depth analysis of up to ten interviews with middle managers in ten organizations drawn from the original cohort. A wide range of organizations were involved in the study, included oil, brewing, insurance, local authorities, health service, military, civil service agencies, manufacturing, engineering, music industry, retail and distribution from both private and public sectors. Managers interviewed reported longer working hours and intensified work regimes. They experienced a significant increased in the number of hours worked, including at work and at home during evenings and on the weekends. However, majority of the managers pointed that this long hour worked was through their choice and necessity to get the job done rather than through presenteeism or fear of job loss (Thomas Dunkerly, 1999, p. 162). Similar findings were presented by Thomas and Linstead (2002) based on a wider study in the UK of approximately 150 middle managers in 50 organizations that had undergone major organizational restructuring. A wide range of private and public sector organizations included oil, brewing, insurance, manufacturing, local authorities, health, armed forces, engineering, logistics, mineral extraction and privatized utilities were involved in the study. A qualitative, inductive and multi-methods approach had been adopted and specifically involved case studies that focused on an individual middle managers subjective experiences. Likewise, problems of worked longer hours and unpaid overtime were reported by McCann et al. (2004) in a comparison study between Japanese and Anglo-American management systems based on interviews with senior or HR managers and middle managers in 30 large organizations. Both private and public sectors organizations comprised the sample and included steel manufacturing, heavy mechanical engineering, brewing, automotive, electronics, financial services, retail, healthcare, local government and central government. Zemke (1990) also reported that middle managers worked more hours than before downsizing took place. A variety of reasons were being identified which contributed to the intensification of work faced by middle managers. They included wider roles and responsibilities, flatter structures, reduced in number of middle managers, presenteeism through fear and job insecurity, pressure from peer to perform, performance cultures with increased individual accountability and the necessity to keep pace with constant change. (McCann et al., 2004; Thomas Dunkerley, 1999; Thomas Linstead, 2002). Wider Roles and Responsibilities Dopson et al. (1992) conducted a small-scale study to look into the changes affected middle managers and their reactions to these changes in both public and private sectors. Two phrases of data collection were conducted. In the first phase, eight general case studies were conducted by interviewing a senior manager (training manager) and on average six middle managers in each case. The second phase of the research comprised of interviews with twenty middle managers in each of four case studies (a computer company, a car manufacturing company, a new public agency, and an autospares company), two to three senior managers, the personnel and training manager(s), and in the public-sector case the trade union representatives. The interviews results indicated that middle management jobs became more general, with greater responsibilities and a wider range of tasks. These findings were supported by the studies of McCann et al. (2004), Thomas and Dunkerley (1999), and Thomas and Linstead (2002) . The removal of layers of middle management had resulted in an increasing span of control was a common feature of most middle management jobs in studies conducted (e.g., Dopson et al., 1992; Thomas Dunkerley, 1999; Zemke, 1990). Generally, middle managers were responsible for a wider mix and a greater number of subordinates than before (Dopson et al., 1992). On top of that, middle managers experienced significant increased of workload (Dopson et al., 1992; McCann et al., 2004; Thomas Dunkerley, 1999; Thomas Linstead, 2002). Middle managers had a greater responsibility for a wider range of duties for which they were now clearly more accountable (Dopson et al., 1992). Their roles ranged from technical and professional trends to more generic management, with tasks such managing, financing, budgeting and forecasting (Thomas Dunkerley, 1999). They needed to be more flexible (McCann et al., 2004), and obtained more generalist skills such as financial knowledge, ability to manage staff o f different backgrounds and a greater marketing and strategic orientation (Dopson et al., 1992). While McCann et al. (2004) found that middle managers were doing less managing of staff and more short-term, task focused co-operative group work. They were more likely to be managing subordinates in groups and tasks in a flattened hierarchy. Their job titles often bore little resemblance to their actual work tasks. Besides that, middle managers faced pressure from below due to the increased spans of control, constraint of resources and increased customer accountability. Furthermore, pressures were faced from above to perform a range of targets and performance indicators (Dopson et al., 1992; McCann et al., 2004; Thomas Dunkerley, 1999). Newell and Dopson (1996) in their attempt to investigate the impact of restructuring on middle management job and careers discovered that middle managers had to meet more stringent budgetary and quality targets as a result from interviews with 20 middle managers in telecommunication industry. The shift from physical commodities to information implied a shift from hierarchies of specialization to flexible networks of creativity and information sharing (McCann et al., 2004). Middle managers had less opportunity to fall back that their judgments was hampered by a lack of information due to the advancement of information and communication technology (Dopson et al., 1992). A number of middle managers commented on their needs to work in a variety of relationships, with manager and staff in organizations overseas, as well as spending time on oversea visits (Dopson et al., 1992). As consequences discussed above, stress-related problems and illnesses, role overload, tensions with home-life and impoverished life-styles were reported as a result from the long hours worked and increased roles and responsibilities (Thomas Dunkerley, 1999). Managerial Careers after Organizational Downsizing In terms of managerial career, both negative and positive views will be depicted as below. Individual middle manager retained responsibility for his/her own career (Newell Dopson, 1996). The trend towards individual accountability and individual contracts was noticed. Career advancement opportunities were declined due to the wide gaps between levels in the hierarchy and wider spans of control (Thomas Dunkerley, 1999). There were concerns about future career paths as the management hierarchy has been reduced (Dopson et al., 1992). Likewise, career opportunities were thought to have significantly decreased and there were no clear paths for middle managers (Newell Dopson, 1996). Some potential career paths were identified, such as the notion of filling dead mens shoes or promotion by the back door, that was being promoted because your face fitted, or you were good mates with the senior manager (Newell Dopson, 1996, p. 15). Majority of the managers commented on a lack of information provided by the organization about their role and future in the organization and about their feelings of lack of control after changes took place (Newell Dopson, 1996; Thomas Linstead, 2002). Some managers felt more insecure feelings on further changes and complained that the refocusing of tasks made them to lose certain enjoyable aspects of job (Dopson et al., 1992). They faced problems adapting to changes, especially when the changes were unexpected and the employees were not fully consulted about those changes (Dopson et al., 1992). Some middle managers felt that they are stuck in a situation which was continually demanding in terms; however, without the support of proper training and development (Newell and Dopson, 1996, p. 18). Likewise, middle managers felt that they were losing the plot in their organization with increased feelings of insecurity and uncertainty (Thomas Linstead, 2002, p. 88). Middle managers had a great sense of vulnerability that middle managers are an easy target (Thomas Linstead, 2002, p. 85). In contradiction, some middle managers reported positive experiences from downsizing (Thomas Dunkerley, 1999). A number of the middle managers felt a reduction in the frustration of their job (Dopson et al., 1992). Some reasons were identified to address such claim. First, the shorter hierarchy in the organizations meant that the middle managers were closer to top management and the strategic and policy arena (Dopson et al., 1992). They claimed to have greater control over their working lives and resources that they need, greater power of decision making, problem-solving, more innovative and strategic input (Dopson et al., 1992; Thomas Dunkerley, 1999). Thus, middle managers had more entrepreneurial roles. Many middle managers commented on feelings of job fulfillment and enrichment. Some surviving middle managers perceived increased career opportunities as some beneficial retirement packages had freed up the senior end of middle management. As a consequence, the profile of middle m anagement was getting younger (Thomas Dunkerley, 1999). Furthermore, the reduction in promotion opportunities were may be offset in part by the introduction of more performance-related pay (Dopson et al., 1992). Ebadan and Winstanley (1997) conducted a study which focused on getting the managers views of changes occurred and their perceptions of how the new career paths could be and should be forged. As a result, 42 respondents identified worse career prospects. However, despite the overall perception of worsening career prospects, the managers generally felt that their career prospects were better in the reorganized organizations than elsewhere. Work Attitudes of Surviving Managers Levitt et al., (2008) carried out a study to investigate the effects of downsizing on the survivors of layoffs in a large insurance organization. In-depth interviews with four middle managers were conducted to determine surviving middle managers attitudes pertaining to downsizing. Middle managers reported negative feelings of apathy, fear, distrust and anger toward the organization. Middle managers reported no loyalty or commitment to organization anymore. They no longer felt obligated to perform above and beyond the call of duty and no longer do so. These characteristics were consistent with the term as survivor syndrome (Devine et al., 2003, p.110). Similarly, in an attempt to know more about how middle managers responded to the demands of downsizing, ONeill and Lenn (1995, p. 25) found that surviving middle managers were anger, anxiety, cynicism, resentment, resignation, desire for retribution and hope. Middle managers reported high level of stress after downsizing. The type of stress was no longer isolated to the workloads; though, the increasingly feelings of job insecurity. They also indicated they felt stress relative to the constant organizational changes (Levitt et al., 2008). The study conducted by Luthans and Sommer (1999) found that managers reported lower level of organizational commitment, lower job satisfaction and workgroup trust following an organizational downsizing. Middle managers had lower morale and long-term commitment to organization due to the lack of resources and rewards and the constant pressure to reduce costs (Thomas Dunkerley, 1999). Correspondingly, majority of the respondents in the study by Ebadan and Winstanley (1997) indicated that they would have lower morale and motivation due to a possible decreased in promotion opportunities. The lower levels of commitment and trust of middle managers were resulted from the aspect of freedom to make decision. Fr eedom for middle managers to make strategic decisions had not always increased along with the growing of variety and creativity of middle management tasks (McCann et al., 2004). On the other hand, in the study by Thomas and Dunkerley (1999), middle managers reported higher job satisfaction level from increased empowerment over their work roles. Ugboro (2006) carried out a study to determine the relationship between job redesign, employee empowerment and intent to quit measured by affective organizational commitment among survivors of organizational restructuring and downsizing. The respondents of this study comprised of both middle managers and employees in supervisory positions. A total of 438 useable questionnaires have been used for data analysis purpose. The results showed significant positive relationships between job redesign, empowerment and affective commitment. The study showed that both job redesign and employee empowerment that enhanced survivors sense of impact and job meaningfulness could facilitate survivors affective commitment and reduced their turnover intention. In spite of the middle managers attitudes as mentioned above, Allen et al., (2001) revealed that the middle mangers attitudes changed over time after downsizing. The data was collected through surveyed 106 managers experienced a downsizing regarding organizational commitment, turnover intentions, job involvement, role clarity, role overload, satisfaction with top management and satisfaction with job security. The results generally indicated that downsizing had a significant impact on work attitudes, the impact varied over time and that the initial impact was generally negative. The findings indicated that the most negative impact on attitudes occurred during the immediate post-downsizing period (Allen et al., 2001). A later study by Levitt et al. (2008) opposed to the previous findings by Allen et al. (2001). Middle managers reported transitional changes in their feelings over time; however, these changes or transitions were predominantly from positive to negative. They reported posi tive feelings initially that changed to negative feelings and these negative feelings continued to grow overtime (Levitt et al., 2008). 2.1.3.2 Impacts on Surviving Non-managers In 1994, Mone conducted a study to examine how individual-level factors (self-efficacy, self-esteem, personal goals, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment) affected workers decision concerning turnover intention to leave the downsizing organization. A total of 145 employees at a U.S. manufacturing firm that experienced downsizing in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s were the respondents of the study. The findings suggested that self-efficacy was positively related to turnover intention. Furthermore, task self-esteem, but not role and global self-esteem had a negative impact on turnover intention. A 3-year longitudinal panel study was conducted by Armstrong-Stassen (2002) to compare the impacts on employees who had been declared redundant (N=49) in the initial downsizing stage, but who remained in the organization, and employees who had not been designated redundant (N=118). Data was collected in time T1 (early 1996), T2 (6 months later), T3 (1997), and T4 (1999). Employees designated redundant reported significantly higher level of job satisfaction at T4 compared with other three periods. While at T1, they reported lower job satisfaction than those declared nonredundant, but by T4 they reported higher level of job satisfaction than employees designated nonredundant. Additionally, both group of employees reported significant increase in job security between T1/T2 and T3 and also between T3 and T4. Devine et al. (2003) conducted a study to compare the outcomes experienced by both victims and survivors involved in a major downsizing program. The final sample consisted of 608 responses (435 continuing employees, and 173 displaced, re-employed employees). The findings suggested that employees who continued to work in the downsized environment reported higher stress level than those individuals who had been displaced. Additionally, the displaced employees reported they had more job control, or autonomy than continuing employees. Furthermore, the moderating effect of perceived job control on the relationship between the environmental stressors (downsizing) and perceived employee stress was found, indicating that high perceptions of control lowered feeling of stress, and vice versa. Finally, displaced employees reported significantly higher level of job satisfaction, overall physical health and quality of life perceptions, and lower level of absenteeism and licit drug use than contin uing employees. Summary In a nutshell from the review of downsizing research, it revealed that most of the studies pertaining to surviving managers especially middle managers have been in the form of qualitative method in which they explore the work-related stressors experienced by surviving managers and their attitudes. Furthermore, the direct relationship between work-related stressors (role overload and job insecurity) and turnover intention has been underresearched in the context of downsizing.